Pfl 2087 
.A473 
1881 
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AHX'8 




THIRD LATIN BOOK. 



BY 

Dr. P. HENN. 



NEW YORK: 



E. STEIGER & CO 



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LIBRA* 1 / OF CONGRESS, 



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Notice* 



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Steiger's Latin Series 



/ 

AHN'S 



THIRD LATIN BOOK. 



BY 



Dr. P. HENN. 



<#& 



NEW YORK: 

E. STEIGER & CO. 

1881. 






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REQUEST. 



The undersigned, in their efforts to secure the greatest 
possible correctness in their educational publications, will feel 
obliged for the suggestion of improvements. 

JE7. Steiger & Co. 9 Publishers. 



Copyright, 1880, by E. Steiger cS: Co. 



2*ress of 
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PREFACE 



The present volume is the third of a Latin series which has been 
undertaken with the view of facilitating the study of the Latin 
language. In the preparation of this Third Latin Book the 
author's main object has been to provide a full course in Syntax 
and Prose Composition. The points which have received particular 
attention, and in stating which great pains has been taken, are to 
describe clearly and accurately, in language as plain as possible, the 
actual uses of syntactical forms, with abundance of illustration both 
in Latin and English, and, withal, to direct the pupil's attention first 
to that which most needs to be learned, unencumbered with burden- 
some detail. To enable the teacher to do this efficiently a careful 
distinction of the contents of the book by the use of various styles 
of type has been made throughout. Accordingly, the practice has 
been followed to present in the largest type principles so vitally im- 
portant, that, in general outline, they should be grasped by every 
scholar, before the separate points (which are printed in smaller 
type) are taken up and discussed in detail. In using this book, the 
pupil should be required to commit to memory the Special Voca- 
bulary preceding each exercise. This is of the first importance 
since words once given are not repeated in subsequent vocabularies. 
It should, however, be borne in mind that any word whose meaning 
cannot be recalled may be looked up in the General Vocabularies 
at the end of the book. 

It is hardly necessary to state that some of the subjects treated 
in a text-book like this— which at the same time contains Grammar, 
Exercises for Double Translation and Complete Vocabularies — need 
support from a regular Grammar as a book of reference which will 
enable the teacher to give such further detail as may here or there 
ill 



— IV — 

be desirable. In view of this, and in substantial harmony with the 
series itself, a Synopsis of Latin Grammar — issued as the 
Fourth Latin Book — will furnish a really compendious and 
simple grammar which might answer even the needs of a young 
scholar, although containing some matters which he would not 
fairly understand until his mind is steadied and cleared by knowing 
the simpler facts. 

The series will be supplemented by a First and Second Latin 
Header, suitable for beginners, sufficient in quantity while interest- 
ing and instructive in matter, so as to enable them to enter, with 
a competent supply of words and experience in translation, upon 
the profitable study of the classical authors usually read in schools 
and colleges. 



201. 


202. 


203. 


204. 


205. 


206. 


207. 


208. 


209. 


210. 


211. 


212. 


213. 


214. 


215. 


216. 


217. 


218. 


219. 


220. 


221. 


222. 


223. 


224. 


225. 


226. 


227. 


228. 


229. 


230. 


231. 


232. 


233. 


234. 


235. 


236. 


237. 


238. 


239. 


240. 


241. 


242. 


243. 


244. 


245. 


246. 


247. 


248. 


249. 


250. 


251. 


252. 


253. 


254. 


255. 


256. 


257. 


258. 


259. 


260. 



TABLE of CONTENTS. 



LATIN COMPOSITION, 

Page 

Subject and Predicate. The Order of Words 1 

Attribute and Apposition: 4 

Agreement of Pronouns 7 

Accusative. Direct Object 10 

Two Accusatives. Same Person 12 

Two Accusatives. Person and Thing 14 

Accusative with Impersonal^ 16 

Dative with Verbs 18 

Dative with Verbs (continued) 21 

Dative with Adjectives 24 

Genitive with Substantives 26 

Genitive with Adjectives 29 

Genitive with Certain Verbs 31 

Genitive as Predicate; the verb interest 34 

Ablative of Cause, Means, Limitation 37 

Ablative of Comparison, Manner, Quality, Price. 40 

Ablative of Separation, Plenty, Want 44 

Ablative in Special Constructions 47 

Prepositions construed with the Accusative 50 

Prepositions construed with the Ablative; with 

the Accusative or Ablative 55 

Place and Space 59 

Time 63 

Peculiarities of Pronouns 67 

Use of Tenses 70 

Sequence of Tenses 74 

Use of the Indicative; Independent uses of the 

Subjunctive 77 

Dependent uses of the Subjunctive. Consecutive 

and Final Conjunctions 81 

Consecutive and Final Conjunctions (continued). 

Concessive and Comparative Conjunctions. . . 84 

Temporal Conjunctions 88 

Causal Conjunctions 91 



— VI — 

Page 

261. 262. Conditional Conjunctions , 93 

263. 264. Relative Clauses with the Subjunctive 96 

265. 266. Direct Questions 98 

267. 268. Indirect Questions 101 

269. 270. The Imperative 104 

271. 272. The Infinitive i06 

273. 274. Accusative with the Infinitive 108 

275. 276. Tenses of the Infinitive 112 

277. 278. Nominative with the Infinitive 114 

279. 280. Direct Discourse 116 

281. 282. Indirect Discourse 118 

283. 284. Participles 121 

285. 286. Participles (continued) 124 

287. 288. Ablative Absolute , 126 

289. 290. Gerund 128 

291. 292. Gerundive 129 

293. 294. Supine 133 

295. 296. Co-ordinate Conjunctions. Copulative; Disjunctive. 135 

297. 298. Adversative, Causal, Illative 138 

299. 300. Corresponsive 141 

VOCABULARIES 
of all the words occurring in the Exercises: 

Latin-English 144 

English-Latin 19 1 



LATIN COMPOSITION 



201. Subject and Predicate. 

1. Every simple sentence is composed of two parts: 
Subject and Predicate. 

The Subject signifies that about which the assertion is made; the 
Predicate signifies that which is asserted of the Subject. In the 
sentence: 

aurum splendet gold glitters 

aurum is the subject; splendet the predicate. 

2. The Subject of the sentence is in the Nominative 
Case, or so considered. 

The Subject must be either a Noun, or some word or phrase stand- 
ing for a noun, but it may be contained in the termination of the 
verb itself: 

arbor floret the tree is blossoming 

hie laetatur, ille maeret this one rejoices, that one is sad 

errare humanum est to err is human 

veni, vidi, vici I came, I saw, I conquered 

3. The Predicate must be either a Verb, Verbal 
predicate; or an Adjective (or what stands for an ad- 
jective) with the verb esse, Adjective Predicate; or a 
Substantive with the verb esse, Substantive Predicate. 

The Verbal Predicate agrees in Person and Number with its subject. 

The Adjective Predicate (Adjective, Adjective Pronoun, Participle) 
agrees in Gender, Number and Case with its subject. 

The Substantive Predicate agrees in Case with its subject. 

ego valeo, si vos valetis lam well if you are well 

arbor est procera the tree is tall 

usus est tyrannus custom is a tyrant 



When the predicate is a substantive with different terminations 
for the gender, such as: 

patronus patrona, a protector 

dominus domina a mastery misti^ess 

vict$r victrix a conqueror 

magister magistra a teacher 

rex reglna a king, queen 

adversaries adversaria an enemy 

it agrees with its subject. also in number and gender. 

usus est optlmus magister experience is the best teacher 

vita rustica parsimonlae magi- a country life is the teacher of 
stra est frugality 

When referring to a subject of the neuter gender, a predicate 
substantive with different terminations for the gender is always in 
the masculine gender. 

tempus est vitae magister time is the teacher of life 

When the predicate substantive is of the common gender, the 
adjective qualifying it takes the gender of the subject. 

bona conscientla est tutisslma a good conscience is the safest 
comes homlnum companion of men 

4. The Predicate of two or more Subjects is put in 
the Plural Number. 

Eomulus et Remus urbem Ho- Romulus and Remus founded 
mam condiderunt the city of Rome 

Two or more singular nouns taken conjointly as a single idea 
may have a singular verb. Sometimes the verb agrees with the 
nearest nominative and is understood to the rest. 

ratio et oratio societatis huma- reason and speech are the bond 

nae vinculum est of human society 

naves et praesidium excessit the fleet and garrison departed 

5. In regard to the Gender of an Adjective Predi- 
cate referring to two or more Subjects mark the 
following: 

When the subjects are of the same gender, the adjective predi- 
cate is of that gender. 

mater et soror mortuae sunt mother and sister are dead 



_ 3 — 

When the genders are different, the adjective predicate takes 
the masculine gender if the subjects are things with life, and the 
neuter if they are things without life. 

pater et mater mortiii sunt father and mother are dead 

divitiae et honores incerta sunt riches and honors are uncertain 

When things with life and things without life are combined, the 
predicate adjective takes either the gender of the things with life, or 
is neuter, 
rex regiaque classis profecti the king and the king's fleet 

sunt set out 

natura inimica sunt libera civltas a free state and a king are 
et rex natural enemies 

6. When the Subjects are of Different Persons, the 
verb will be in the first rather than the second, and 
in the second rather than the third. 

In Latin the speaker generally mentions himself first. 

ego et tu vicissitudinem fortimae you and I have experienced 
expert] sumus the vicissitude of fortune 

tisitatus, -a, -urn, familiar suscipio, -ere, to undertake 
elabor, -I, to slip imperlum, -1, government 

pertineo, -ere, to pertain tango, -ere, to strike 

injustus, -a, -um, unjust fortuitiis, -a, -una, accidental 

Somnus est imago mortis. Terae amicitiae aeternae sunt. 
Maximum animal terrestre est elephantus. Proxlmus sum 
egomet mihi ! Praeterltum tempus nunquam revertitur. Usi- 
tatae res facile e memoria elabuntur. Curiosum est ea scire 
velle. quae ad nos non pertinent. Ilia injusta bella sunt, quae 
sunt sine causa suscepta. Homines neque admirantur neque 
requlrunt rationes earum rerum, quas semper vident. Xon 
omnia in ducis, altquid etiam in militum manibus est. Con- 
scientia est severisslma judex factorum nostrorum. Leges sunt 
optimae patronae civium. Roma omnium Italiae populorum 
victrix fuit. Sine imperlo nee domus ulla, nee civltas, nee gens 
nee hominum universum genus stare potest. Murus et porta 
fulmine tacta erant. Secundae res, honores, victortae fortulta 
sunt. Usus est optimus magister; etiam tempus multarum re- 
rum magister est. Tu et frater tuus epistiilas ad me scripsistis. 



_ 4 — 

202. The Order of Words. 

The Latin language allows greater freedom in the 
order of words than the English. The following 
practical rules will be found of value: 

In general, put the Subject first, and the Verb last. 

The Subject is followed by the words which modify it. 

The Verb is preceded by the words which depend upon it. 

The Conjunctions autem, but; enim, for; vero, but; Igitur, then, 
follow one or more words in their clause, quidem, indeed; quoque, 
also, come after the emphatic word. 

Observe carefully and imitate the form of sentences given as 
examples. 

tutus, -&, -una, safe superbia, ~ae, pride 

perpetuus, -a, -urn, constant conjungo, -ere, to unite 
satelles, -ltis, an attendant cibus, -I, meat 
inopia, -ae, want potus, -us, drink 

acer, -ris, -re, bitter vigiliae, -arum, walcefubiess 

Fear is a bad protector. A good conscience is the safest 
companion of men. The moon is a constant attendant of our 
earth. Practice is the best teacher. The lion is the king of 
quadrupeds, the eagle the king of birds. Want is the bitterest 
enemy of virtue. My father and my brothers and I have borne 
arms for our country. We are dust and shadow. Pride and 
folly are often united. If you and your brother shall be at 
home, my father and I also will come. The beginning and the 
end are often very different. Pain, fear, labor, old age are 
troublesome to most men. Neither meat nor drink nor sleep 
nor wakefulness can be beneficial to us if they exceed measure. 
Neither my father nor I have read this book. But (at) if you 
and your father have not read it, who has read it ? The walls 
and gates of the captured city were destroyed by the soldiers. 
My friend's father and mother died within a few days. 

203. Attribute and Apposition. 

1. The most usual Attribute of a Substantive is 
an Adjective (including under this term the Adjective 



Pronouns and Participles); it agrees with its Sub- 
stantive in Number, Gender, and Case. 

Gender. Number. 

a white flower flos albiis flores albi 

a dark cloud nubes opaca nubes opacae 

a golden vessel vas aureum vasa aurea 



Gren. floris albi of a white floiver 

u niibis opacae of a dark cloud 

vasis aurei of a golden vessel 

The Common Attribute of two or more Substantives of different 
gender is either repeated or agrees with the nearest. # 

agri omnes et maria 

omnes agri omniaque maria 

agri et maria omnia I aU lands and ( al V seas 

omnes (et) agri et maria 

2. One Substantive placed after another to ex- 
plain it, is by Apposition put in the same Case, and, 
when practicable, in the same Gender and Number. 

Socrates, sapientisslmus vir Socrates, the wisest of men 

philosophla, vitae magistra philosophy, the teacher of life 

Athenae, omnium doctrinarum Athens, the inventor of all 
inven trices learning. 

Nouns in Apposition are sometimes used to express the time, 
condition, etc. of the action. 

Hercules juvenis leonem inter- Hercules, when a young man, 
fecit slew a lion. 

In like manner the Latin Adjective is used appositively where the 
English idiom employs an adverb. Adjectives thus used are those 
expressive of joy, knowledge and their opposites, of order and 
position, of time and season, etc., as: 

ltbens, with pleasure solus, alone ultimus, last 

volens, willing(ly) totus, wholly medius, in the middle 

nolens, unwillingly) primus ) frequens, frequent (ly) 

invitus, against one's will prior ] ^ sciens, knowing (ly) 

nemo salt at sobrius, no one dances when sober; 

Socrates primus hoc docuit, Socrates was the first who taught this. 



— 6 



3. Like esse, to he, several other verbs take two 
Nominatives, one of the Subject and the other of the 
Predicate. (See 201, 3.) These are: 



fieri, to become, be made 
evadere, to turn out 
exsistere, to become 
manere, to remain 
videri, to seem 
apparere, to appear 
nasci, to be born 
mori, to die 

judicari, to be considered 

• 

rosa pulcherrimus flos habetur 



_ > to be called 
•i 1 



creari, to be created 

coronari, to be crowned 

dlci, to be said, called 

vocari 

appellari 

putari ) to be thought, consid- 

haberi ( ered 

credi, to be believed 

existimari, to be regarded 

the rose is considered the most 
beautiful flower. 



Veneris stella, ~ae, the planet Nept Cuius, -l, Neptune 



Venus 
antggrSdior, -I, to precede 
subsequor, -I, to follow 
Hesperus, -I, the evening star 
admirabilis, -e, wonderful 
errans, -tis, wandering 
Manlius, -I, Manlius 
quamvis, although 
ggnetrix, -Icis, a mother 



maritimus, -a,-um, over the sea 
genmnus, -a,-um, belonging to 

the cheek, cheek- 
conficio, -ere, to chew 
escae, -arum, food [poet 

Ennius, -I, Ennius, a Roman 
somnium, -I, a dream 
prOvinela, -ae, a province 
doino, -are, to subjugate 



Veneris Stella dicitur Lucifer, cum antegreditur solem, cum 
subsequitur autem, Hesperus. Admirabiles sunt motus om- 
nium stellarum, inprlmis earum, quae errantes vocantur. 
Rhinocerotes, rarum alibi animal, in montibus Indiae errant. 
Manlius filium suum, quia contra impermm pugnaverat, 
quamvis victorem, occldit. Pythagoras, genetricem virtutum, 
frugalitatem omnibus commendavit. Datum est Neptuno, 
alteri Jovis fratri. maritimum omne regnum. Intimi dentes, 
qui genuini vocantur, conficiunt escas. Ennius ferebat duo, 
quae maxima putantur onera, paupertatem et senecttitem. 
Oracula evanuerunt, postquam homines minus creduli esse 
coeperunt. Non eadem omnes via sapientes fiunt et boni. Sol 
nobis minor apparet quam est. Hispanla postrema omnium 
provinciarum domita est. Nonnulla sonmia vera evadunt. 



- 7 - / 

204. praenuntiiis, -I, a pre- hinnlttis, -Gs, neighing 
cursor Numanti&, -ae, Numantia 

Gallus, -I, a Gaul Mummius, -I, Mummius 

altSr, -&, -urn, a second opulenttis, -&, -um, wealthy 

Hystaspes, -is, Hystaspes ignaviS, -ae, cowardice 

Frugality, the mother of all virtues, was chiefly recom- 
mended by Pythagoras, a very wise man. Charles the Fifth 
was crowned emperor on his birthday. Comets were formerly 
believed to be* the precursors of great calamities. Camillus, 
who had delivered Rome from (a)* the Gauls, was called 
a second Romulus. Dareus, son of Hystaspes, was made 
king of the Persians by the neighing of his horse. Two very 
powerful cities, Carthage and Numantia, were destroyed by 
the same Scipio. The camel is rightly considered the most 
useful animal of the east. The stars appear small to us. Cato 
learned the Greek language in his old age. Mummius, a 
Roman general, demolished Corinth, the wealthiest city of 
Greece. The fixed stars are rightly considered suns. No one is 
born rich. No one dies so poor as he was born. No one has 
become immortal by cowardice. Those are regarded as good 
citizens who for the safety of their country avoid no danger. 

205. Agreement of Pronouns. 

1. A Relative or Demonstrative Pronoun agrees 

with its antecedent in Gender, Number and Person, 

but the Case depends on the clause in which it stands. 

animal, quod sanguinem habet, an animal which has blood can- 
sine corde esse non potest not be without a heart. 

When the Relative refers to a sentence, Tel qu5d is commonly used. 

gloria invidiam vicisti, id quod you have overcome envy with 
est difficilllmum glory, which is most difficult 

With antecedents of different gender the pronoun conforms in 
gender to the rule for adjectives. (See 201, 5.) 
pueri et mulieres, qui capti the boys and women who had 
erant . . . been taken prisoners . « . 

* Words in Italics are to be omitted altogether in translating. 
Occasional suggestions are introduced in Parenthesis ( ), 



— 8 — 

With antecedents of different persons, the pronoun prefers the first 
person to the second, and the second to the third. (See 201, 6.) 

ego et tu, qui eodem anno nati you and I who were born in 
sumus. . . the same year. . . 

2. Sometimes a Relative or Demonstrative Pronoun 

agrees with a word in apposition or with a predicate 

rather than with its antecedent: 

ama justam glorlam, qui est love real glory which is the 

fructus verae virtiitis fruit of true virtue 

rerum caput hoc erat, hie fons this was the head of things, this 

the source. 

Is, he, and idem, the same, are the Antecedents of Relatives : 

ihe who ( , 7 , 

. \ the same who 
such as ldQm( i m ]themmeas 

such that ( 

but is, when Antecedent, is often suppressed, especially when it 
would stand in the same case as the Eelative : 

quern dii diligunt adiilescens (he) whom the gods love dies 
moritur young. 

An Adjective or Apposition belonging in sense to the Antecedent, 
sometimes appears in the relative clause in agreement with the 
relative. 

Themistocles de servis suis Themistocles sent the most 

quern habuit fidelissimum faithful of the slaves which 

ad Xerxem misit he had to Xerxes 

omnes gentes regibus paruerunt, all nations obeyed kings, a 

quod genus imperii . . . kind of government which. . . 

qui dicitur, qui vocatur or quern dicunt, quern vocant are used in 
the sense of so-called. 

vestra, quae dicitur vita, mors est, your so-called life is death. 

The Relative often stands at the beginning of a sentence whero 
in English a demonstrative is generally used. 

quae cum ita sint and since these things are so. 

The Relative is never omitted in Latin, as it often is in English. 
is sum, qui semper fui lam the same man I always was. 



insidlor, -ari, to lay a snare rltii, after the manner 

tempora secuuda, prosperity career, -is, a prison 

casus adversl, adversity crudelis, -e, cruel 

reformido, -are, to dread lautumiae, -arum, stone-quarries 

male se res habet, things go vicus, -1, a village 

wrong defero, -re, to confer on 

proficiscor, -1, to come from sanctltas, -atis, goodness 
Qui alteri insidiatur, saepe in foveam incidit. Sapienter 
cogitant, qui temporlbus secundis casus adversos reformidant. 
Male se res habet, cum quod virtute effici debet, id tentatur 
pecunia. Ego idem sum, qui et infans fui, et puer, et adule- 
scens. Yoluptas, quae ex turpibus capitur, celeriter transit. 
Ea profecto jucunda laus est, quae ab iis proficiscitur, qui ipsi 
verara et just am laudem sunt consecuti. Contemnuntur, qui 
pecudum ritu omnia ad voluptatem referunt. Quod non dedit 
fortfma, non eripit. Est career a crudelisslmo tyranno Diony- 
sio factus Syracusis, quae lautumiae vocantur. Apud vicum, 
qui Cannae appellatur, ambo consules ab Hannibale victi sunt. 
Nullum fere animalium genus est, quod non homini sit utile. 
Omnes antlquae gentes regibus quondam paruerunt, quod 
genus imperii primumad homines justissimoset sapientissimos 
deferebatur. Omnes pueri et puellae, qui a Romanis in 
Hispama capti erant, Scipionis sanctitate suis restittiti sunt. 

206. paucae res, little capitis damna re, to condemn to death 

adspicio, -ere, to see Gracchi, -oriim, the Gracchi 

constans, -tis, steady ornamentum, -I, a jewel 

penurla, -ae, scarcity Tamesis, -, the river Thames 

We do not call him rich whose fortunes are increasing, but 
him whose mind is tranquil and content with little (abl.). The 
husbandman plants trees, the fruits of which he himself will 
never see. There is a God who rules this whole world. Firm 
and steady friends ought to be chosen, of which kind there is 
a great scarcity. Nd animal which has blood can be without 
a heart. There is great power in virtues; arouse them if per- 
chance (forte) they sleep. Socrates, whose wisdom we admire, 
was unjustly condemned to death by the Athenians. Cornelia, 
the mother of the Gracchi, showing her children, said: These 
are my jewels. He who loves me loves my dog too (et). 



— 10 — 

Romulus, who founded Rome, had been brought up by the 
king's shepherd. This garden is larger than the one which 
my father bought; but the trees, which are in it, are very low. 
There is a river in Britain which is called the Thames. 

2077 Accusative (Direct Object). 

1. Active Transitive Verbs take the Accusative Case. 

The Object of a transitive verb in the active voice becomes Subject 
in the passive. 
boni cives amant patriam good citizens love their country 

patria a bonis civibus amatur their country is loved by good 

citizens. 
Many verbs are intransitive in English which are both transitive 
and intransitive in Latin. Such are: 
dolere, to grieve (for) rldere, to laugh (at) 

horrere, to shudder (at) sitire, to thirst (for). 

Some intransitive verbs may take an accusative of kindred mean- 
ing*, as: 
vitam jucundam vivere to live a pleasant life 

longam viam ire to go a long way. 

2. Many Intransitive Verbs, especially verbs of 
motion, when compounded with prepositions, become 
transitive, and accordingly take an Accusative. The 
commonest of them are compounds of: 

circum, per, praeter, trans. 
circumstare, to stand around praeterlre, to pass by 
permeare, to flow through transire, to cross 



qualis, -e, ivhat kind of a man eloquentia, -ae, the art of speak- 
impetus, -us, an assault deduco, -ere, to conduct \ing 

EpTrotes, -ae, an Epirote princeps, -Ipis, first, chief 

Macedo, -onis, a Macedonian sector, -ari, to follow 
hSros, -ois, a hero prosequdr, -I, to attend upon 

aemulor, -ari, to emulate dictid, -onis, a speech 

Qualis habendus est is, qui non modo non repellit, sed 
etiam adjuvat injur lam. Errant, qui in prosperis rebus omnes 
impetus fortunae se putant fugisse. Qui liberos suos amat, 
eos etiam castlgat. Pyrrhus, Epirotarum rex, voluit imitari 



— 11 — 

Alexandrum, regem Macedonum. In Africa multa animalia 
inveniuntur, qui sangumem sitiunt. Vir probus et Justus non 
horrcbit mortem. Morientem nihil te doctrma, nihil divitiae 
tuae juvabunt. Alexander Magnus in {among) heroibus 
Graecis Achillem maxime aemulatus est. Apud veteres Ro- 
manos adulescens, qui foro et eloquentiae parabatur, deducc- 
batur a patre ad eum oratorern, qui principem in civitate 
locum obtinebat: hunc sectari, hunc prosequi, hujus omnibus 
dictionibus interesse assuescebat. Panem et aquam natura 
desiderat. Tempus non modo non miniiit hunc dolorem sed 
etiam auget. Mors neminem praeterlbit. Vitam leporis vivit. 

208. animus, -I, spirit acerbus, -a, -urn, bitter 

infringo, -ere, to break arrogantia, -ae, haughtiness 

partes sequi, to take the side aberro, -are, to go astray 

Superlatives denoting order and succession often designate a 
relative part or place in the object to which they refer: summus 
mons, the top of the mountain; primo vere, in the beginning of 
spring; in media urbe, in the midst of the city. 

God has created the world. Good citizens love their 
country. Every animal has senses. Miltiades delivered 
Athens and the whole of Greece. The thirty tyrants stood 
around Socrates and could not break his (ejus) spirit. No one 
can escape death. Nothing can imitate the skill of nature. 
Themistocles did not escape the envy of his fellow-citizens. 
We are wont to imitate those with whom we keep company. 
The wives and children of the Germans were accustomed to 
follow the army. Sulla, who had formerly taken the side of 
Marius, afterwards became his most bitter enemy. In pros- 
perity avoid [ye]* pride and haughtiness. Soldiers emulate 
the example of their leader. In the study of the English 
language, a knowledge of the Latin language will greatly 
(multum) assist us. If we [shall] follow nature as our guide 
we shall never go astray. The Euphrates flows through the 
middle of Babylon. No one, before Hannibal, had ever with 
an army crossed the Alps which separate Italy from Gaul. 

* Words superfluous in English, and intended only as helps to a 
correct translation are inserted in Brackets [ ]. 



— 12 



209. Two Accusatives. Same Person. 

Yerbs of Naming, Making, Taking, Choosing, Show- 
ing admit two Accusatives of the same person or thing. 

appellare 
noininare 



, to name or call 
vocare 

dicere 

arbitral! \ 

existimarg ( to regard, con- 

habere 4* sider, think, 

putare J pronounce 

judicare, to judge 

Neronem senatus hostem judi< 
cavit 



facerS \ 

efficere' > to make 
reddere ) 

c [5 a f x ( to elect 
engerg ) 

dSsignare, to appoint 

se" praebere ) to show, offer 

se" praestare J one's self 



the senat declared 
enemy. 



Nero an 



Many other verbs, besides their proper Accusative, take a 
second, denoting purpose, time, character. Such are: 

dare, to give relinquere, to leave 



habere, to have 

Athenienses Miltiadem sibi im- 
peratorem sumpserunt 



sumere, to take 

the Athenians took Miltiades 
as their commander. 



complector, -!, to embrace abditus, -a, -iim, hid 

tutor, -oris, a guardian defigo, -ere, to plunge 

cella penaria (-ae -ae), a gra- summa omnium rerum, the 

nary authority over all things 

nutrix, -icis, a nurse interitiis, -us, destruction 

Lucretia, -ae, Lucretia quodammSdo, in a measure 

dicit is sometimes omitted in quoting a person's words, as : 
praeclare Ennius, very well (says) Ennius. 

Non solum ipsa Fortuna caeca est, sed eos etlam plerum- 
que efficit caecos, quos complexa est. Quis unquam se popiili 
Romani, victoris dominlque omnium gentium tutorem dicere 
ausus est? Praeclare Ennius: Benefacta male lo'cata malefacta 
arbitror. Cato cellam penariam rei publicae nostrae, nutrlcem 
plebis Romanae Siciliam nominavit. Lucretia cultrum, quern 
sub veste abditum habebat, eum in corde defixit Hostis apud 



„ 13 — 

majores nostros is diceb&tur, quein nunc peregrmum dicimus. 
Regem ilium unum vocamus, penes quern est omnium summa 
rerum. Romani Ciceronem patrem patriae appellaverunt, 
quod urbem ab incendio atque interitu liberaverat. Paupertas 
ad multas virtutes hommem quodammodo aptiorem facit. 
Hortor te, ut non modo libros veterum scriptorum libenter 
legas, sed etiam ut exempla probitatis, modestiae, justitiae 
omniumque virtutum imiteris, quae in illis libris memorata 
reperies. Sapientia certissimam se nobis ducem praebet ad 
voluptatem. Praesta te virum ! 

210. AncBs Marcius (-1-1), An- ceteri, -oriim, the rest 
cus Marcius Pericles, -is, Pericles 

esca, -ae, a bait populatiO, -onis, devastation 

Davides, -is, David acerrimiis, -a, -urn, ardent 

Salomon, -is, Solomon intactiis, -a, -um, untouched 

successor, -oris, a successor exeo, -ire, to come off 

vlvus, -a, -um, alive 
The Possessives are regularly omitted, like other pronouns, when 
they are plainly implied in the context. 

Apollo judged Socrates to be the wisest man. The Roman 
people made Ancus Marcius king. Socrates considered himself 
an inhabitant and citizen of the whole world. Romulus called 
the city which he had founded Rome from (ex) his own name. 
Golden bits do not make a horse better. Plato rightly called 
pleasure the bait of all evils. Croesus, king of Lydia, on 
account of his riches considered himself the happiest of men. 
David appointed his son, Solomon, as his successor. Alexander 
founded in Egypt a city which from his own name he called 
Alexandria. Boys in their play name him king who appears 
to be the most distinguished. In the devastation of the rest, 
the enemies had left the lands of Pericles untouched. Our 
father gave us the most distinguished men as teachers. Pytha- 
goras first called himself a philosopher. - Demosthenes showed 
himself an ardent defender of common liberty. Antony was 
judged by the senate to be an enemy of the country. I show 
myself grateful to those who have deserved well of (de) me. 
Necessity makes even the timid brave. Antony called his 
flight victory, because he had come off alive, 



— 14 — 

211. Two Accusatives. Person and Thing. 

1. docere, edocere, to teach; celare, to conceal from, 
take two Accusatives, one of the person, and the other 
of the thing. 

Dionysius Epaminondam niusi- Diony sizes taught Epaminon- 

cam docuit das music 

non te celavi sermOnem I did not conceal from you the 

conversation. 
The Passive of docer£ or edocere with the Nominative of the 
person and the' Accusative of the thing is almost never used, but is 
replaced by discere aliquid ab aliquo. Special uses worthy of note 
are as follows: 

edocere aliquem de aliqua re, to inform some one of something; 
celare aliquem de aliqua re, to keep some one ignorant of something. 

2. Verbs signifying to ask, to demand, to request, to 

inquire take two Accusatives, one of the person, and 

the other of the thing. 

The commonest of them are : 

poscere } orare ) to ask, rogare" } 

flagitare [ to aslc ' rogare V entreat, interrogare [ to as r 

postulare ) demana petere ) beseech quaerere ) m 2 mre 

posce deos veniam ask favor of the gods 

me sententiam rogavit he asked me my opinion. 

But to this there are many exceptions. We may also say: 

poscere or flagitare aliquid ab aliquo, as we always say: 
postulare or petere aliquid ab aliquo 
quaerere aliquid ab, ex, or de aliquo. 

The verbs orare, rogare, to ask, request, and rogare, interrogare, 
to ask, inquire, admit a double accusative only when the thing is 
expressed by the neuter of a pronoun or adjective, as: 

hoc te rogo, this I inquire of you; otherwise we say: 
interrogare aliquem de aliqua re, to ask some one about something. 

A noun as second accusative appears with the verb rogare' only 
in the official phrase: 
sententiam rogare aliquem, to ask one for his opinion or vote. 



— 15 — 

vis 6l6quendi, the power of speak- dimitto, -Sr£, to dismiss 

ing Liscus, -I, Liscus 

tonsor, -oris, a barber retineo, -ere, to detain 

committo, -ere, to trust conventus, -us, a meeting 

illicio, -ere, to allure secrete, privately 

Campanus, -i, a Campanian praecipue, principally 

cxplano, -are, to explain jaeulor,-ari, to throw the javelin 

consilium, -I, a council piimex, -icis, a pumice-stone 

Eloquendi vis efficit, ut et ea, quae ignoramus, discere, et 
ea, quae scimus, alios docere posslmus. Dionysius, ne tonsori 
collum committeret, tondere filias docuit. Catilina juventutem. 
quam illexerat, multis modis mala facinora edocuit. Camp an i 
coactr sunt a Romanis petere auxiltum. Athenienses primi 
olei et vini usum docuere; arare quoque et serere frumenta 
glande vescentibus monstrarunt, Cur me istud rogas, quod 
totiens tibi explanavi? Non te celabo opinionem meam. 
Caesar celeriter consilium dimlsit, Liscum retinuit; quaesivit 
ex solo ea, quae in conventu dixerat; eadem secreto ab alTis 
quaesivit; reperit esse vera. Persae tria praecipue liberos 
suos docebant, equitare, jaculari, vera dicere. Fortuna belli 
artem victos quoque docet. Providentia divina res futuras nos 
sapienter celavit. Fas est et ab hoste doceri! Aquam a 
pumice postulas. Justitiam liberi Persarum edocti sunt a 
pueritia. 

212. ridiciilus, -a-um, silly Italus, -1, an Italian 
neque tamen, but not Verres, -is, Verres 

studium litterarum, lo ve of letters sepultura, -ae, a burial 
Isocrates, -is, Isocrates sincerus, -a, -urn, sincere 

multa, many a lesson 

They are silly who teach others what they have not tried 
themselves. The boys and women of the Gauls from (ex the 
wall of the town besought peace of the Romans. I have asked 
you for assistance, but you have not heard me. Pythagoras 
taught boys modesty and a love of letters. Isocrates, an 
Athenian orator, who taught many youths eloquence, never de- 
livered a speech himself. The Athenians entreated aid from the 
Lacedaemonians. Who taught men agriculture ? Good boys 
conceal nothing from their parents. Saturn first taught the 



— 16 — 

Italians the cultivation of the land. In the schools of the 
Romans the teachers taught the boys the Latin and Greek 
languages, history and music. Verres demanded from parents 
a price for (pro) the burial of their children. Many wish to 
teach others what they have not sufficiently learned themselves. 
He is a sincere friend who conceals nothing from a friend. 
You teach the eagle to fly, the dolphin to swim. Hunger 
teaches many a lesson. 

213. Accusative with Impersonal Verbs. 

1. The Accusative is used after the Impersonate: 

fallit me ) it escapes my ^ _ tJ 7 

n~ ., f ... clecet, it becomes 

fu^it m6 }• notice, is un- ; -JW ' tJ . 

+ w ~, *V 7 . dedecet, it is unbecoming 

praetent mg ) known to me J 

me fdgit ad te scribere I forgot to write to you 

oratorem irasci dedecet it is unbecoming in an orator 

to be angry. 

An Infinitive or a Neuter pronoun or adjective, rarely a Substantive 

may be used as the Subject of decet and dedecet: 

mulierem decet flere it becomes a woman to weep 

parvum parva decent small things become the small 

neglegentla nemlnem decet carelessness becomes no one. 

2. Certain Impersonal Verbs take the Person who 
feels in the Accusative, and the Exciting Cause in the 
Genitive, or if a verb, in the Infinitive. These are: 

miseret, it excites pity piidet, it shames 

paenitet, it causes sorrow taedet j it wearies, 

piget, it disgusts, grieves pertaesum est ) tires. 

The Persons are expressed as follows: 

miseret me, I pity paenitet me, 1 am sorry, repent 

miseret te, thou pities t piget me, I am grieved at, dis- 

miseret eum, he pities gusted with 

miseret nos, we pity pudet me, I am ashamed 

miseret vos, you pity taedet me ) lam 

miseret eos, they pity me pertaesum est f weary, tired 

me stultitiae meae pudet I am ashamed of my folly 

non me paenitet vixisse / am not sorry for having lived. 



— 17 — 

3. The Accusative is used in Exclamations, either 

with or without an Interjection. 
0, misSras hommuni mentes! Oh, the wretched minds of men! 



rSquiro, -ere, to request Clitus, -I, Clitus 

efflagito, -are, to importune for trucido, -are, to slay 

gemmo, -are, to double inconstans, -tis, inconstant 

candidus, -a, -um, honorable consilium, -I, a design 

trux, triicis, -fierce desidiose, idly 

Eoruni nos magis miseret, qui nostram misericordiam non 
requlrunt, quam qui earn efflagitant. Geinmat delictum, quern 
delicti non pudet. Numquarn yos multa didicisse paenitebit, 
sed si occasionem ad discendum praetermittitis, hujus pigritiae 
vos certe mox paenitebit. Quern non miseret aliorum hominum, 
ejus nee miserebitur Deus. Candida pax homines, trux decet 
ira feras. Socratem non pudebat fateri se multas res nesclre. 
Non me praeterit usum esse optimum dicendi magistrum. 
Quern paenitet peccasse paene innocens est. Tempus erit, quo 
vos speculum vidisse pigebit. Bonum civem numquam paeni- 
tebit maxima pericula pro patria sublre. Postquam Alexander 
Clitum amlcum trucidaverat, paenitere eum facti coepit. Ho- 
mrnem inconstantem saepissime paenitet primi consilii. ho- 
mines inter speculum et pectmem desidiose occupatos! 
praeclarum custodem ovium, lupum ! 

214. convlcia, -orum, abusive infiamia, -ae, dishonor 
language princeps, -Ipis, a priii^e 

omni ratione, in every way abstmentem habere, to keep un- 

ingenims, -I, a gentleman der restraint 

Abusive language does not become the wretched. I am 
not only grieved but also ashamed of my folly. It becomes an 
upright man to assist his country in every way. Diligent 
scholars will not be disgusted with even the greatest labor. 
He is a fool who is ashamed of his parents; but (at) virtuous 
parents are justly ashamed of their wicked sons. The 
wretched are often weary of life. Modesty becomes as well 
boys as girls. It becomes a youth to be modest. This boy is 
neither ashamed nor tired of his indolence. Truth becomes 
the gentleman. No one will repent of industry. These men 



— 18 — 

are neither ashamed nor weary of their dishonor. It becomes 
the wise to live according to nature. Clemency becomes none 
[out] of all more than a king or prince. It becomes a judge 
to keep not only his hands but also his eyes under restraint. 
fool thou if thou fearest death at the time when it thunders ! 

215. Dative with Verbs. 

1 . The Dative is the Case of the Indirect Object, 
denoting that for which, to the benefit or loss of which 
any thing is or is done. It may be used with tran- 
sitive and intransitive Verbs; dativus eommodi et in- 
commodi: Dative of Advantage and Disadvantage. 

scribo vobis hunc librum / write this book for you 

tibi seris, tibi metis you sow for yourself you reap 

for yourself 

2. A large number of Transitive Verbs take along 
with the Accusative a Dative as an Indirect Object. 

The English expresses the Dative Relation by to or for; but where 
the verb implies removal, the Latin Dative frequently answers to 
the English Objective with from; for = in defence of is pro. 

errantibus viam monstrgmus let us shoiv the way to the erring 
dolor sornnum mini adimit grief takes away my sleep from 
pro patria mod to die for one's country. [me 

3. Many Intransitive Verbs signifying to benefit or 
injure, please or displease, command or obey, favor or 
resist, trust or distrust, also indidge, believe, persuade. 
envy, threaten, spare, and the like, take the Dative. 

Examples are: 

prodesse, to do good credere^ to believe 

nocere, to do harm suadere, to advise, recommend 

blandlr!, to soothe rninarl, immmgre, to threaten 

laverg, to favor benedlcere, to bless 

resistSre, to offer resistance nubere, to marry 



— 19 — 

pl&cerS, to please persuaders, to persuade, con- 

displicSrS, to displease mSderi, to heal [vince 

imperarS, to command supplicarg, to beg 

oboedire, parere, to obey maledieere, to curse 

fidgre, to trust parcere, to spare 

cliffidere, to distrust studere, to devote one's self 

IrascI, to be angry with obtrectarS, to decry 
indulgere, to give up, to favor inviderS, to envy 

arbor resistit ventis the tree offers resistance to the 

winds 
probus invidet nemini the upright man envies no one 

non parcam opgrae / will spare no pains. 

Among the most notable Exceptions are: 

jl ™ r ! . } to help, assist d .f c ! rS ' to h * wantin 9 

adjuyare J. jubSre, to order 

aequarS, to be equal vetare, to forbid, 

which govern the Accusative. 

Some Verbs take the Dative or Accusative according to their 
signification: 

caverS alicui, to care for some one 

caverS aliquem, to beware of 

caverS ab aliquo, to be on one's guard 

consulere alicui, to consult the interest of some one 

consulere aliquem, to consult some one 

metuere aliquem, to fear some one 

metuere alicui, to fear for some one 

providere aliquid, to foresee 

providere alicui rei, to provide for 

moderari aliquid, to manage something 

moderarl aliciu rei, to set bounds to a matter 

temperare aliquid, to rule 

temperare alicui, to spare some one 

temperare ab aliqua re, to abstain from something. 

4. The Dative is used with many Verbs compounded 
with the Prepositions: 

&d aiitS c5n in intSr 

6b post prae sub stipgr. 



— 20 — 

Examples are: 

afferrg, to bring io, render adimSrg, to take away 

interjicere, to throw in interesse, to be present 

praecurrere, to precede * injicere, to strike into 
imponere, to place on opponere, to oppose 

supponere, to put under 

virtus omnibus rebus anteit virtue goes before all things 

onera quibusclam animallbus im- we put burdens on some ani- 
ponimus • mats. 

Passives are regularly made only from transitive verbs. Intran- 
sitive verbs which govern a Dative form an Impersonal Passive with 
the same Case, in the following manner: 

Active, bonus invidet nemini, a good man envies no one 
Passivo. imlii invidetur, / am envied 

tibi invidetur, thou art envied 

el invidetur, he is envied 

nobis invidetur, v:e are envied 

vobis invidetur, you are envied 

11s invidetur, they are envied 
a bono invidetur nemini, no one is envied by a good man. 



virga, -ae, a rod sedltid, -0111s, a sedition 

miinus afferre, to render service una cum, along with 

nasiis, -i, the nose vir, -I, a husband 

res perniciosissima, a most per- rogus, -1, a funeral pile 

nicious evil censor, -oris, a censor 

induco, -ere, to introduce pinguis, -e, fat 

Homo non sibi solum, sed patriae quoque natus est. Qui- 
dam mihi videntur non vivis, sed etiam mortuis invidere. Qui 
parcit virgae, odit filmm. Demosthenes ejus artis, cui studebat, 
primam litteram non poterat dicere. Fortuna multis dat nimis, 
satis nulli. A nobis non parcetur labori. Quod munus rei 
publicae afferre majus melmsve possumus, quam si docennis 
atque erudlmus juventutem ? Nasus quasi murus oculis inter- 
jectus esse videtur. Filia Caesaris Pompejo nupsit. Raro 
invidetur eorum honoribus, quorum vis non timetur. Certis 
rebus certa signa praecurrunt. Qui parti civtum consiilunt, 
partem neglegunt, rem perniciosissimam in civitatem inducunt, 
seditiOnem. Mulier in India una cum viro morttLo in rogum 



— 21 — 

impomtur. Censores Romani equiti nimis pingui equum adi- 
mere solebant. Nihil agenti dies longus est. Facile omnes, 
cum valemus, bona consilia aegrotis dainus. 

21 6. paro, -are, to hoard prospere, successfully 
navalis, -e, naval terror, -oris, a terror 
Salamis, -inis, Salamis condicIO, -onis, a condition 
evenio, -ire, to turn out immodice, excessively 

The house was built for its master, not for mice. The miser 
hoards riches not for himself but for others. I am not born 
for one corner; my country is this whole world. Pleasure 
soothes our senses. The soldiers spared neither women nor 
children. Lycurgus recommended frugality to all. The upright 
man envies nobody. Aristides was present at the naval battle 
at (apuci) Salamis. Those who devote themselves to virtue are 
alone rich. With [to] great men all things always turn out suc- 
cessfully. The sister of Atticus was married to Cicero. Han- 
nibal struck a great terror into the Roman army. To every 
virtue is opposed a vice. We often put ducks' eggs under hens. 
Let us imitate the example of Christ who blessed his very ene- 
mies. Old age is a disease which no physician can cure. I could 
never be convinced that our souls are mortal. Riches are 
more frequently envied than virtue. A perfect man never 
cursed fortune. The condition of those whom fortune exces- 
sively favors is most dangerous. 

217. Dative with Verbs (continued). 

1. Certain Verbs may take either the Dative of a 
person and the Accusative of a thing, or the Accusative 
of a person and the Ablative of a thing, as: 

dono tibi librum, / present you a book; 

dono te libro, / present you with a book; 

circumdat urbi murum, he puts a wall around the city; 

circumdat urbem muro, he surrounds the city with a wall 

Tn like manner are used: 
adsperg£r£, to sprinkle indu£r£, to put on. 



— 22 — 

2. esse, to he, with the Dative denotes a Possessor, 
the thing possessed being the subject of the verb. 

When so used it is commonly translated by to have; mihi nomen 
est means my name is or / am called; the proper name is put 
either in the Nominative or the Dative, as: 
est mihi domi pater / have a father at home 

puero nomen est Carolus (Carolo) the boy's name is Chaises. 

3. Certain Verbs take the Dative to denote the 

purpose or end, and often at the same time another 

Dative of the person for whom or to whom. 
Such verbs are: 

esse, to be mittere, to send habere, to hold 

,..w ( to become, acciperS, to receive verterS, to interpret, 

\ turn out venire, to come turn against 

dar6, to put relinquere, to leave ducere, to count 

exemplo est formica the ant is an example 

malo est homimbus avaritia avarice is an evil to men 

dono dare to give as a present 

4. The Dative is used with the Gerundive to denote 

the person on whom the necessity rests, as: 

adhibenda est nobis diligentia we "must use diligence 
nobis omnibus moriendum est we all must die. 

Verbs in the Passive Voice are sometimes followed by a Dative of 
the Agent — instead of a, ab with the Ablative: 
res mihi tota provlsa est / have had the whole matter 

provided for 
carmina mihi scripta sunt nulla I have no poems written. 



opes, -urn, means Anchises, -ae, Anchises 

extollo, -ere, to extol aufugio, -ere, to flee 

Vetera, -um, the old state of pervenio, -Ire, to arrive 

things; nova, -oriim, novel- Rhea Silvia (-ae-ae), RheaSil- 

exopto, -are, to desire {ties via; N timitor, -or is, A^iifor 

possessid, -onis, property consuetudo valentis, the usual 

solitudO, -Inis, solitude state of health 

flducia, -ae, confidence natura corporis, physical con- 

dos, -otls, a gift stitution 



— 28 — 

Semper in civitate ii, quibus opes nullae sunt, bonis invT- 
dent, malos extollunt, vetera odere, nova exoptant. Dives 
est, cui tanta possessio est, ut nihil optet amplius. Multi ho- 
mines ea sibi laudi ducunt, quae fortunae debent. Pericles 
agros suos rei prubltcae dono dedit. Ampla domus dedecori 
saepe domino fit, si est in ea solitudo. Spes vitae futurae 
miseris magno solatio est. Nimla fiducia magnae calamitati 
solet esse. Quod aliis vitio vertis, id tibi laudi ne ducas. 
Virtus sola neque datur dono, neque accipitur. Ut inter arbo- 
res suus culque fructus est, ita inter homines suae culque sunt 
dotes. Aeneas, Anchisae films, cum multis Trojanis, quibus 
ferrum Graecorum pepercerat, aufugit et in Italiam pervenit. 
Rheae Silviae, Numitoris filiae duo erant filii, quorum alteri erat 
nomen Romulus, alteri Remus. Deus anlmam corpore circum- 
dedit. Medico non solum morbus ejus, cui mederi volet, sed 
etiam consuetudo valentis et natura corporis cognoscenda est. 

218. L5 f dus, -I, a Lydian Flataeenses, -mm, the Plalaeans 

Henricus, -1, Henry saluber, -ris, -re, salutary 

Attalus, -I, Attalus [ble inconsnlto, inconsiderately 

impenetrabilis, -e, impenetra- m pericula mittere, to bring into 
Seiniramis, -, Senviramis danger 

Man has a resemblance to | with] God. The lion has Us 
greatest strength in its breast. The Lydians had many 
kings before Croesus. Flowers have not always the same 
color. My name is Henry. Attalus, a king of Asia, gave his 
kingdom to the Romans as a present. Avarice is [for] a great 
evil to men. Virtues bring [are for] honor and glory to men. 
Crocodiles have the upper part of the body hard and im- 
penetrable, the lower part soft and tender. Tall trees have deep 
(altus) roots. He is a useless person who lives for himself alone. 
Seiniramis founded Babylon and surrounded the city with a wall. 
I have many books. A thousand Plataeans came to the help of 
the Athenians against the Persians. Poverty is [for] a dis- 
grace to no one. As with diseases of the body, so w^e can 
heal diseases of the mind if we apply salutary remedies. God 
is not wont to come to the help of those who bring themselves 
inconsiderately into danger. Patience is the remedy for every 
(quivls) grief. 



— 24 — 

219. Dative with Adjectives. 

1. The Dative is used after Adjectives or Adverbs, to 
denote that to which the quality is directed. 
The most common are those signifying: 
useful, fit, pleasant, like, 

near, easy, inclined, necessary, and their Opposites. 
acceptus, acceptable invius, impassable 

accommodates, adapted jucundiis, agreeable 

amicus, friendly injiicundus, disagreeable 

Inimicus, unfriendly, opposed molestus, troublesome 
aptfis, apt, suitable necessarms, necessary 

cards, dear odiosus, hateful 

communis, common par, equal, a match for 

dulcis, agreeable dispar, unlike 

facilis, easy salutaris, beneficial 

difflcilis, difficult similis, like 

gratus, pleasing dissimilis, unlike 

ingratiis, unpleasant turpis, disgraceful 

gravis, burdensome litilis, useful 

canis similis lupo est a dog is similar to a wolf 

flarama fumo est proxlma fire is next akin to smoke. 

Many Adjectives which belong to this class become Substantives 
and as such take the Genitive ; e. g.: 
amicus, a friend aequalis, a contemporary 

inimicus, an enemy vicmus, a neighbor 

familiaris, an (intimate) friend necessarms, a relation 

Adjectives of Inclination may take the Accusative with erga (when 
friendly feelings are spoken of) or with in, adversus (for friendly 
and unfriendly feelings); those signifying useful, suitable take 
ofbener the Accusative with ad to denote the thing for which, but 
regularly the Dative of Persons. — 

Manlius fuit severus in filium, Manlius was severe towards his son; 
homo ad nullam rem utilis, a good-for-nothing fellow. 

The Adjectives propior, proximiis (sometimes), and the Adverbs 
propius, proximo (commonly) take the Accusative. After similis, 
like, the Genitive is more usual to denote exact resemblance; hence 
we say: mei, tui, nostri similis, my, your, our like, and v£rl similis, 
likely. 



— 25 — 

2. A few Derivative Substantives take the Dative 
after the Analogy of their Primitives , as: 

justitia est obtemperantia leglbus, justice is obedience to the laws. 

3. The Dative of a Personal Pronoun is sometimes 
introduced for liveliness of expression: Ethical Dative. 

fur mihi est, he is a thief in my opinion; 
quid tibi vis ? what do you want ? 



per se, for one J s own sake eligo, -ere, to gather 

modum tenere, to observe a limit instituo, -ere, to establish 

finitimus,-a,-um, neighboring Solon, -onis, Solon 

liieptus, -a, -urn, inapt Vulcanus, -l, Vulcan 

stirps, -is, a root etiamsi, even if 

Non solum nobis divites esse volumus, sed liberis, propin- 
quis, amlcis, maximeque patriae. Hommuni generi universo 
cultura agrorum salutaris est. Ipse se quisque diligit, quod 
per se sibi quisque carus est. Est hommuni naturae, quam 
sequi debemus, maxime inimlca crudelitas. Verba innocenti 
reperlre facfle est; modum verborum misero tenere difficile. 
Respublica Romana adeo erat valida, ut cuilibet finitimarum 
civitatum bello par esset. Ineptum id dicitur, quod nee tem- 
pori nee homini nee loco aptum est. Ex quibusdam stirpibus 
et herbis remedia morbis et vulneribus eligimus. Modestia 
prima est adulescenti commendatio. Invia virttiti nulla est 
via. Atheniensibus leges institu.it Solon, Spartanis Lycurgus. 
Arma fecit Yulcanus Achilli. Acerrimus virtuti adversarms 
videtur esse dolor. Amo veritatem, etiamsi mihi jucunda 
non est. 

220. beneficentia, -ae, bene- appeto, -ere, to seek 

flcence funtis, -eris, a funeral 

secundum (with accus.), next to pallium, -I, the pallium, a 

llberalitas, -atis, liberality large cloak 

The soil of their country is dear to all. Nothing is so like 
death as sleep. Next to God, men can be most useful to men. 
Nothing is more pleasing, nothing more acceptable to God 
than a pious mind and one mindful of benefits. The seas and 



— 26 — 

lands obey God. Nothing is more adapted to man's 
nature than beneficence and liberality. He is a good man 
who benefits whom he can and hurts nobody. Old age is 
burdensome to most men. Death is common to every age. 
Every animal seeks that which is adapted to its nature. No 
place ought to be more agreeable (dulcis) to us than our 
country. True friends are never troublesome to us. Many 
punishments are not less disgraceful to a prince than many 
funerals to a physician. Trust in God; to trust in men is not 
safe. Truth is to many people troublesome and hateful. The 
pallium seemed to the Romans to be suitable for every season. 
This business is too difficult for you. To the unhappy man 
time is very long, to the happy man, very short. I. think that 
a knowledge of future events is not useful to us. 

221. Genitive with Substantives. 

The Genitive is especially the Case of a Substantive 
that is added to another Substantive in order to limit 
or define the meaning. 

1. If the qualified noun signifies some action or condition of 
which, if it were expressed by a verb, the noun in the Genitive would 
be the Subject, the case is called the Subjective Genitive, as: 

amor Dei, the love of God (= God loves). 

2. If the Genitive would be the Object ol the action expressed by 
the other noun in verb-form, we call it an Objective Genitive, as: 

amor Dei, love of (toward) God (— we love God). 

3. The Genitive of the Personal Pronouns is commoniy Objective; 
exceptions are nostrum and vestrum which are used as partitive 
Genitives (see below 6). Mark the following examples: 

studium nostri sympathy for us 

multi nostrum many of us 

melior pars nostri the better part of us 

major pars nostrum the greater part of us. 

4. The Possessive Pronoun is generally used as the Subjective Geni- 
tive, as: amicus meus, a friend of mine. Additional Attributes are 
put in the Genitive: tua ipsius soror, your own sister. 



— 27 — 

5. The Genitive is used to denote Quality, but only when the 
quality is modified by an Adjective; it is joined to a Substantive 
either attributively or predicatively, as: 

vir maxlmi consilii a man of very great prudence 

Terentius magni ingenii est Terence is a man of great talent. 

The Genitive of Quality, though less common than the Ablative, is 
always used when Number, Measure, Time or Space are denoted. Parts 
of the body are in the Ablative only (see 231, 3.) 
exsilium decern annorum an exile of ten years 

Caesar fuit excelsa statura Caesar was of tall stature. 

6. The Partitive Genitive expressing the relation of a Whole to its 
Parts is used: 

With Substantives of Quantity, Number, Weight, as: 

medimnum tritici a bushel of wheat; 

With Pronouns, Numerals, Comparatives and Superlatives, as: 

quis vestrum ? which of you ? regum ultimus, the last of the 
prior horuni, the former of these lings 

With Neuter Adjectives and Pronouns used as Nouns, but only 
in the Nominative or Accusative. Such are: 

tantum, so much quantum, as much aliquantum, somewhat 

multiim, much plus, more plurlmum, most 

paulum, little minus, less minimum, least 

hoc, this id, illud, istud, that nihil, nothing 

quod, which quid, what Idem, the same 

nihil novi, nothing new idem consilii, the same (of) advice 

quidnovi? what news? quid causae? what reason! 

The Genitive after these Adjectives and Pronouns may be ii 
neuter adjective of the Second Declension, but not of the Third: 
aliquid boni, something good nihil melius, nothing better. 

With the Adverbs of Quantity, Place, Extent: 
satis, enough iibi, where - hue ) 

parum, too little nusquam, nowhere eo ( to thhS de 9 ree 

nimis, too much aflat Im, plenty 

nimis lucis, too much light 

hue arrogantiae, to this degree of insolence 

ubi terrarum or gentium ? where in the world ? 



— 28 — 

7. The Genitive of Specification has the force of an Apposition, 
especially with vox, word; nomen, name; verbum, word, as: 

vox voluptatis, the word "pleasure" 
arbor abietis, a fir-tree 
nomen regis, the title of king. 

8. The Genitive is used with the Ablatives causa and gratia, for 
the sake of; also with ergo, on account of; instar, like, causa, 
gratia, ergo, commonly follow ttie Genitive. Mark the expressions: 

mea, tua, sua causa (not gratia), for my, thy, his sake 

amoris inagis quam honoris gratia, more for love's than honor's 

instar montis equus, a horse like a mountain-. [sake 

9. Frequently aedes and templum, temple, and sometimes other 
nouns are omitted, when no mistake can arise: 

ad Vestae ventum erat, they had arrived at the temple of Vesta- 



lucrum, -I, gain facile, unquestionably 

propono, -ere, to offer miitatifi, -omis, an interchange 

Titus, -I, Titus, a Roman em- innaMs, -&, -urn, born in 

peror pondus, -ens, weight 

facilitas, -atis, easy access gloria, -ae, honor 

aliquid molestiae, more or less excelsus, -a, -tarn, lofty 

of trouble statura, -ae, stature 

admisceo, -ere, to commingle accommodo, -are, to adjust 

Non lucri sed honoris gratia praemia proponi solent. Bo- 
norum mores malorum consuetudine deteriores fiunt. Titus 
facilitatis tantae fuit et liberalitatis, ut nulli quidquam negaret. 
Multae sunt voluptates, quibus aliquid molestiae admixtum 
est. Graecorum oratorum praestantisslmi sunt ii, qui fuerunt 
Athenis; eorum autem princeps facile Demosthenes. Multum 
jucunditatis habet caeli solique mutatio. Fac eadem amico- 
rum causa, quae tua causa facere soles. Amor patriae hommi 
innatus est. Latlni donum Jovi coronam auream in Capitolium 
tulere parvi ponderis. Hannibalis nomen erat magna apud 
omnes gloria. Caesar fuit excelsa statura, colore candido, 
nigris oculis, valetudme prospera. Animus pars mei est. 
Julius Caesar annum ad cursum solis accommodavit, ut tre- 
centorum sexaginta quinque dierum esset, Habet ira hoc 
mali: non vult regi. Affatim est hommum, quibus nihil 
negotii est. 



— 29 — 

222. ciipiditas, -atis, desire excellens, -tls, excellent 
dilatiS, -onis, delay Massagetae, -arum, the Mas- 
merces, -edis, recompense sagetae 

prohibeo, -ere, to restrain procreo, -are, to produce 
sustmeo, -ere, to hear im\sltSitiis,-a,-um,extraordinary 

The better part of us is immortal. Men have a great 
desire for those things which are forbidden. The best remedy 
for anger is delay. True virtue desires no recompense for 
labors and dangers. Not the fear of punishment, but the love 
of virtue ought to restrain us from (ab) doing wrong. How many 
has the fear of divine punishment recalled from crime ? In the 
army of Alexander there were 32,000 foot-soldiers, 4000 horse 
and 182 ships. Nobody who is of sound mind will deny that 
there is a God. Our hand is a part of us. Ships on rivers 
bear less burden than on the sea. The most excellent kings of 
the Persians were Cyrus and Dareus, the son of Hystaspes; of 
these the former fell in battle among (apud) the Massagetae. 
The keenest [out] of all the senses is the sense of sight. 
Among the greatest vices none is more frequent than that of an 
ungrateful mind. Follow virtue for its own sake ! Where in the 
world are we? The sea produces animals of extraordinary size. 
In the provinces of the Roman Empire there was a great 
number of Roman citizens. 

223. Genitive with Adjectives. 

Many Adjectives are followed by a Genitive to com- 
plete their meaning. 

The commonest of them are: 

1. Adjectives denoting Desire, Knowledge, Recollection, Partici- 
pation, Mastery, Fullness and their Opposites: 

cupidus, eager, desirous expers, tuithout share in 

studiosus, devoted to compos, capable, master of 

peritus, skillful in impos, not in possession of 

inscius J impotens, unable or powerless 

nescms >- ignorant to control 

ignarus ) plenus, full, covered with 

mem5r, mindful particeps, sharing, partaker 

immemor, unmindful of, endowed with 



— 30 — 

2. Participial Adjectiveg denoting permanent qualities (mostly end- 
ing in ns), as: 

diligens, careful, lover of patiens, capable of enduring 

amans, fond of impatiens, incapable of enduring 

partlceps consilii a sharer in the plan 

compos mentis in possession of one 1 s mind 

cupidus gloriae eager for glory 

amans sui virtus virtue fond of itself 

proprms, own, and communis, common, take the Genitive when 
the idea of properly or peculiarity prevails (see 219, L). 
popiili Romani est propria liber- liberty is characteristic of the 
tas Roman people. 



Epaminondas, -ae, Epaminon- projici®, -ere (s6), to plunge 

joco, in joke [das jam nunc, just now 

Sullanus, -a, -urn, of Sulla Belgae, -arum, the Belgians 

rapinae, -aruni, plunder res militaris, military affairs 

vetiis, -eris, former res novae, a revolution 

navigrum, -I, a vessel exeo, -ire, to leave 

Epaminondas erat adeo veritatis diligens, ut ne joco qui- 
dem mentiretur. Milites Sullani, rapinarum et victoriae 
veteris memores, civile bellum exoptabant. Viri propria 
maxime est fortitudo. Qui in eodem sunt navigio, ejusdem 
sunt participes periculi. Non omnes lusus adulescentes littera- 
rum studiosos decent. Alexander plenus pulveris et sudoris 
in flumen se projeeit. Venttirae memores jam nunc estote 
senectae. Eripite isti gladium, qui impos animi est. Solus 
homo ex tot animantium genenbus rationis est partlceps. Sa- 
pientis est proprmm, nihil quod paenitere possit, facere. Mens 
hommurn nescia est Mi sortisque futtlrae. Alexander gloriae 
cupidus patiensque laboris, at irae impotens erat. Belgae rei 
militaris peritisslmi semperque no varum rerum cupidi erant. 
Mens omnium virtutum compos est. Postquam Pompejus et 
consules ex Italia exierunt, non sum, mihi crede, mentis 
compos. 

224. assimulo, -are, to feign noctua, -ae, an owl 
urbanus, -a, -una, belonging acceptiis, -a, -iim, received 
to the city; city- caelestis, -e, heavenly 

bellum navale (-1 -is), naval warfare 



— 31 — 

The English Adverb usually may be translated by solerg, to be 
wont , with an Infinitive, as: soleo esse, / am usually; solent essS 
they are usually. 

Human life is full of dangers. Most men are usually more 
mindful of wrongs than of benefits. Socrates feigned himself 
ignorant of all things. Farmers are commonly ignorant of 
city manners. Pythagoras first called wise men philosophers, 
that is, persons devoted to wisdom. Caesar was most skillful 
in military affairs. Beasts have no share in reason and speech. 
Boys are not always fond enough of truth. The ancient Ro- 
mans were very eager for glory. From (ex) the time of 
Themistocles the Athenians were very skillful in naval warfare. 
Asses are very capable of enduring labor. The eyes of owls 
are not capable of enduring light. Gaul was full of Roman 
citizens. Always be [ye] mindful of benefits received. Men 
are often more desirous of riches than wisdom. Often a man, 
although he is endowed with reason, seems powerless to con- 
trol his anger. Camels are very capable of enduring thirst. 
No one is without share in heavenly benefits. 



225. Genitive with Certain Verbs. 

1. Verbs of Reminding, Remembering, Forgetting 
take the Genitive. 

admonere ) meminisse \ 

commonere >- to remind reminiscl >- to remember 

commonefacere ) recordarl ) 

obliviscl, to forget 
Yerbs of Reminding, with the Accusative of the Person, are fol- 
lowed by the Genitive of the Person or Thing to which the attention 
is called, 
to veteris amicitiae admoneo, i" remind you of our old friendship. 

Yerbs of Remembering and Forgetting take the Genitive if a Person. 
and either the Genitive or Accusative, if a Thing is remembered or 
forgotten. 
memmi vivorum / am mindful of the living 

animus meminit praeteritorum the mind remembers the past 
oblivisei nihil soles nisi injurlas you are wont to forget nothing 

except injuries. 



— 32 — 

When the Object is expressed by a Neuter Pronoun or Adjective, it 
is with all these verbs in the Accusative, as: 

hoc te admoneo / warn you of this. 

memini, / remember , when referring to a contemporary, always 
takes the Accusative. 

memineram Catonem I remembered Oato. 

2. Verbs of Valuing are joined with the Genitive, 

when the Value is expressed in a General or Indefinite 

Manner. ' 

Such Verbs are: 

aestimare, to value habere, to hold 

pvitare, to reckon pendere, to weigh 

dtlcere, to take facere, to make, put 

esse, to be (ivorth) 

The following are Genitives of general value: 

magnl, much quantl, how much 

parvi, little plurimi, rnaximl, most 

tantl, so much minimi, least 

pluris, more nihil!, naught 

mm oris, less flocci, a lock of wool, a straw 

The Complete Phrases are, then, as follows: 

parvi pendere or aestimare, to esteem lightly 

magnl esse, to be of great account 

pluris esse, to be of more account, to be worth more 

nihil! ducere, to think nothing of 

magnl aestimare or habere, to value highly 

pluris aestimare, to esteem of more value 

plurimi aestimare, to value very highly 

minimi facere, to make of very little account 

flocci facere, to care not a straw for 

divitiae a me minimi putantur, riches are very little prized by me; 
operam tuam magni aestimo, your help I value highly. 

3. Verbs of Accusing, Convicting, Condemning and 
Acquitting, with the Accusative of the Person, take 
the Genitive of the Charge. 



— 33 



to accuse, charge 



accusare 

incusare 

insimulare 

arguere 

arcessere / 

reumrac6r6} toSUmm0n 

honestani familiam sceleris ar- 
guis 

aliquem levitatis convincere 



to convict 



coargiiere ) 

convinced I 

clamnare ) to condemn, find 

condemnare ) guilty 

absolvere, to acquit 

you accuse an honorable family 

of crime 
to convict one of levity. 



The Crime may be expressed by the Ablative with de: 

accusare aliquem de vi, de re- to accuse one of assault, of ex- 
petundis, de veneficio tor lion, of poisoning, 

or by the Genitive with nomme or crimine, as: 

nomine conjurationis condem- they were condemned on the 
nati sunt charge of conspiracy. 

The Punishment may be expressed by the Ablative, and must be 
expressed by this case when a definite sum is mentioned; multare, 
to mulct, punish, is always construed with the Ablative. 

clamnare capitis or capite to condemn to death 

Camillus decern milibus damna- Camillas was fined 10,000 

tus est 

Manlius virtutem filii morte Manlius punished the valor of 

multavit his son with death. 



Tiberius, -I, the Emperor Tibe- 
religiO, -onis, an oath [rius 
audax, -acis, daring 
prorsiis, wholly 
ocillatus, -a, -um, eye- 
auritus, -a, -urn, ear- 
Roscius, -l, Roscius 
parricldiftm, -l, parricide 



eloquenter, eloquently 
omnium sententiae, the unani- 
mous decision 
commemoro, -are, to mention 
responsum, -I, an answer 
admonitiO, -onis, a learning 
area, -ae, a piece of ground 
venalis, -e, for sale 



Tiberius judices legum et religionis admonebat. Pravi 
homines sua parvi pendere, aliena cupere solent. Ne audacem 
quidem timoris prorsus absolvimus. Pluris est oculatus testis 
unus, quam aurlti decern. Roscmm parrieidii accusation 
Cicero tam eloquenter defendit, ut hujus facinoris omnium ju- 
dicum sententiis absolveretur. Beneficia nieminisse debet is, 



— 34 — 

in quern collata sunt, non commemorare, qui contiilit. Socra- 
tis responso sic judices exarserunt, ut hommern innocentissi- 
miim capitis condemnarent. Ingrati animi accusatur, qui 
beneficia non memmit. Admonitio mea tibi non vicletur magni 
fuisse; neque hoc miror, nam etiani ea, quae pater tibi dixerat, 
nihili duxisti. Tuam admonitionem non oblltus sum. Si prata 
et areas quasdam magni aestimamus, quanti aestimanda est 
virtus, quae nullo pretio venalis est ? Homines facilius bene- 
ficia quam injurias oblivisci solent. 

226. proditiS, -onis, treason sane, certainly 

maledicus, -I, a calumniator judices, -um, the jury 
raritas, -atis, scarcity considerate, with consideration 

Men sometiiries forget things the most renowned. Miltia- 
des was accused of treason. Virtue makes pleasure of very 
little account. My conscience is of more account to me than 
the talk of all men. Never forget a benefit received. Do you 
know that many men esteem virtue of more value than life 
itself? So live that you can convict all calumniators of false- 
hood. Homer was very highly valued by Alexander the Great. 
Themistocles while absent was found guilty of treason. That 
is a happy memory which forgets nothing but an injury 
received. Gold and gems on account of their scarceness 
and beauty have been always esteemed of more value than 
other metals which are more useful to men. I remember, I 
remember, nor shall I ever forget that night when our house 
was destroyed by fire. Knowledge is certainly to be highly 
valued, but Ave justly esteem virtue of more value. The jury 
condemned Socrates to death. To act with consideration is 
worth more than to think wisely. 

227. Genitive as a Predicate. The Verb interest. 

1. The Subjective Genitive may be used as a Predi- 
cate with the verbs esse and fieri to denote that to 
which something belongs or to which something is 
peculiar. 



- 35 - 

In English the words part, property, duty, office, business, 
characteristic, are commonly supplied. Instead of the Genitive of 
Personal Pronouns the Neuters of the Possessives: nieum, tuum, 
etc., are used. 

haec domus est Caesaris this house is Caesar's 

temerltas est florentis aetatis, rashness is the characteristic 

prudentia senectiitis of youth, prudence of old age 

mentlri non est meum to lie is not my way. 

2. With the Impersonal interest (and sometimes 
also with refert), it concerns, interests, it is the interest 
of it is of importance for, the Genitive is used to 
denote the Person or Thing Concerned. 

The Genitive seems to be governed by causa understood; hence 
instead of the Genitive of the personal pronoun the Ablative singular 
feminine of the Possessives mea, tua, sua, nostra, vestra is used 
with these verbs, as: mea interest, lam concerned; with omnium, 
however, nostrum and vestrum must be used: omnium nostrum 
interest, it concerns all of us. 

refert seldom occurs with the Genitive, occasionally with mea, 
tua, etc., and most frequently without either such pronoun or a 
Genitive, as: nihil refert, no matter; quid refert, what matter? 

The Thing which is of interest or importance is expressed: 
by a Neuter Pronoun, as: hoc vehementer interest reipublicae, 

this is of very much importance to the state; 

by an Infinitive, as: interest omnium recte facere, to do right is 

the interest of all; 

by an Accusative with the Infinitive, as: multum mea interest te 
diligentem esse, it is of great importance to me that you be diligent; 

by an Interrogative Sentence, as: multum mea interest utrum dili- 
gens sis necne, it is of great importance to me whether you are 
diligent or not 

The Degree of importance is expressed by 

Adverbs: magnopere, magis, maxime, parum, etc. 
Neuter Adjectives: multum, plus, plurlmum, minus, etc. 
Genitives of Value: magnl, pliirls, parvi, tanti, etc. 
The Thing with reference to which one is interested is expressed 
by the Accusative with ad: magni ad honorem nostrum interest, it 
is of great consequence to our honor. 



— 36 — 

parentes colere, to respect one's indico, -are, to tell 

parents liceo, -ere, to be for sale 

petulantia, -ae, sauciness emptor, -oris, a buyer 

non probi, those who are not insipiens, -tis, a fool 

well-behaved persevero, -are, to persevere 

adipiscor, -I, to acquire damnatiS, -onis, condemning 

venditor, -oris, a seller imperitus, -a, -urn, ignorant 

Non refert, quam multos libros, sed quam bonos habeas. 
Ut parentum est bene educare liberos, sic liberorum, colere 
parentes iisque oboedlre. Petulantia magis est adulescentium 
quam senum; neque tamen omnium adulescentmm, sed non 
proborum. Lycurgus maximos honores non divitum, sed senum 
esse voluit. Qui virtutem adeptus erit, ubicunque erit gen- 
tium, a nobis diligetur. Venditoris est indicare, quanti merx 
liceat, emptoris liceri. Nostrum est parentes amare. Cujusvis 
hommis est errare, nullius nisi insipientis in errore perseve- 
rare. Nihil est tarn angusti animi tamque parvi, quam amare 
divitias. Bello GallTco praeter Capitolium atque arcem omnia 
hostium erant. Damnatio est judicum, poena legis. Nihil mea 
interest, quid de me homines imperlti loquantur. Quid refert, 
quam diu vixeris, nisi bene vixeris ? Maxime mea interest, ut 
discipiili mei virtutem pluris faciant quam alia omnia. 

228. honoratus, -a, -una, hon~ subvenio, -ire, to assist 

ored innocentia, -ae, innocence 

Lacedaemon, -onis, Lacedaemon causa, -ae, a trial 

It is the duty of children to reverence their parents, and 
of parents to love their own children and to correct their 
(eorum) faults. Nowhere in the world had old age a more 
honored place than in Lacedaemon. Angry persons are com- 
monly sorry for those things which they have done in (per) 
their anger. It very much interests not only parents but also 
the country itself that children should be well educated [chil- 
dren to be well educated] . It is the duty of a judge to assist 
[to] innocence. In the time (plur.) of Augustus almost the 
whole world was in possession of the Romans. It is the part 
of brave men to suffer pain with even mind. It is your duty to 
reverence your parents. It is the part of a sincere friend not 



— 37 — 

to forsake a friend in adversity. It is not my way to say: I had 
not thought of that. It is the interest of all to do right. It is 
the part of a wicked man to deceive by falsehood. The whole 
kingdom of the Persians came under Alexander's dominion 
[became A.'s]. It is the duty of every man to speak the truth. 
It is the habit of fools to live for (in) the day. It is the duty 
of a judge in trials always to follow the truth. 

229. Ablative of Cause, Means, Limitation. 
1, The Ablative is used to express the Cause. 

The Ablative of Cause designates that by which, by reason of 
which, because of which, in accordance with ivhich something is 
or is done. Accordingly it is used with passive verbs and such 
active verbs and adjectives as imply a passive meaning. In the 
passive construction the Person or Living agent by whom any thing 
is done is put in the Ablative with a, ab. 

Dei providentia mundus admini- the world is governed by God's 

stratur 'providence 

a Deo mundus administratur the world is governed by God 
concordia res parvae crescunt by concord small affairs grow 
milites praelio fessi erant the soldiers were weary with 

the battle. 

The Ablative of Cause is of very frequent occurrence, and is 
used both with Verbs and Adjectives, as: 
dolere, to grieve glorlari, to boast 

niaerere, to mourn laborare, to suffer 

gaudere ) tQ rejoice deUght superbus, proud 
laetarl i ' laetus, pleased — aeger, ill 

delectarl, to be delighted anxms, anxious 

agricola gaudet equis, the husbandman delights in horses; 
Miltiades aeger erat vulneribus, Miltiades was ill from his wounds; 
aliis malis laboras, you suffer with other ills. 

This includes such Ablatives as: jussfi, by order; rogatu, at the 
request, etc. On causa and gratia, for the sake of see 221, 8. 

Akin to the Causal Ablative is the Ablative with verbs expressing 
origin, as: 

humillbus parentibus ortus sprung from low parents. 



— 38 — 

2. The Ablative is used to denote the Means or 

Instrument by which anything is effected. 

Pyrrhus lapide interfectus est Pyrrhics was killed by a stone 

benevolentiam civium blanditia to win the good will of one's 

colligere turpe est fellow-citizens by flattery is 

disgraceful 

The Person, considered as Means or Instrument, is expressed by 
per with the accusative or by opera with a genitive or possessive: 
Caesar certior factus est per Caesar was informed by (means 
legatos , of) ambassadors. 

erudlre, institixere, to instruct; as: aliquem artibus erudlre, to 
instruct some one in the arts; and afficere, to treat, in such expres- 
sions as : aliquem honoribus afficere, to honor some one; aliquem 
molestia afficere, to trouble some one — are worthy of note. 

3. That in respect to ivhich or in accordance with 
ivhich anything is or is done is denoted by the Abla- 
tive of Limitation. 

Out of this usage grow a number of Particular Phrases: 
grandis natu, old, mea sententia, mea opmione, 

major natu, older according to my opinion 

maxim us natti, oldest • jiidicio, testimonio alicivjus, 

minor natu, younger according to the judgment, 

minimus natu, youngest testimony of some one 

reges nomine magis quam im- kings in name rather than in 
perio authority. 



mores, -mil, character studia, -orum, a pursuit 

familiarltas, -atis, intimacy concessus, -us, a permission 

delabor, -I, to fall away barbartis, -a, -iiiii, barbarian 

separo, -are, to distinguish equo vein, to ride a horse 

indoles, -is, a disposition claudiis, -a, -um, lame 

Omnium societatum nulla praestantior est, nulla firmior, 
quam cum viri boni moribus similes, sunt familiaritate con- 
juncti. Concordia res parvae crescunt, discordia maximae 
dilabuntur. Voluptate capiuntur homines, ut hamo pisces. 
Julii Caesaris aetate Britanni, qui interiorem insiilae partem 
habitabant, frumenta non serebant ; sed lacte et carne vivebant 



— 39 — 

pelllbusque erant vestlti. Deus nulla re magis homines sepa- 
ravit a ceteris animallbus quam dicendi facilitate. TJt adu- 
lescentibus bona indole praeditis sapientes senes delectantur, 
sic adulescentes senum praeceptis gaudent, quibus ad virtu- 
tum studia ducuntur. Servius Tullius regnare coepit non jussu, 
sed voluntate atque concessu civtum. AlpTbiis Italia quasi 
naturali vallo contra barbaras gentes munlta erat. Equus. quo 
sum per urbem vectus, sinistra pede claudus fuit. Duarum 
civitatum civis esse nostro jure eivlli nemo potest. Croesus 
specie quidem beatus fuit, re vera autem admodum miser. 
Aristoteles omnium judicio doctissimus vir totius antiquitatis 
fuit. Tuis te pingam coloribus. Veritas vel mendacio corrum- 
pitur vel silentio. 

230. consTliiiiii, -I, prudence exerceo, -ere, to cult irate 

caritas, -atis, affection opprimo, -ere, to crush 

collustro, -are, to illuminate majores natu, one's elders 

paterniis, -a, -ran, paternal interltiis, -us, a loss 

The bull defends itself with its horns, the horse with its 
hoofs, the boar with its teeth. Many comets we do not see, 
because they are obscured by the sun's rays. Xerxes was 
conquered more by the prudence of Themistocles than by the 
arms of Greece. Friendships are known by affection and love. 
The earth is clothed with flowers, plants, trees and fruits. By 
the prudence and valor of Scipio, Hannibal was compelled to 
depart from (ex) Italy. Every one measures dangers by his own 
fear. Alexandria was founded by Alexander the Macedonian. 
The sun illuminates all things with a most bright light. Happy 
is he who cultivates his paternal fields with his own oxen. 
The world is governed by God's providence. Egypt was added 
to the Roman empire by [means of] Octavianus. Birds are 
covered with feathers, quadrupeds with hairs, fish with scales. 
The liberty of the Romans was crushed by Tarquin the Proud, 
but was restored by [means of] Brutus. My brother is lame in 
his right foot. It is the duty of a youth to reverence Ms elders. 
Ariovistus was by nation a German. Not by their fortune I 
will value men, but t>y their character. All good men mourn 
over the loss of their beloved ones. 



— 40 — 

231. Ablative of Comparison, Manner, Quality, Price. 

1. The Ablative of Comparison may be used with the 
Comparative instead of quam, than, with the Nomi- 
native or Accusative. 

films melior est quam pater \ A , . , _^ - . ^ \ r 

films melior est patre \ the son w hetter than lm f aiher 

scio filmm meliorem esse patre / know that the son is better 

than his father. 

The Ablative is used exclusively in Relative Sentences, 
amicitia, qua nihil melius habe- friendship than which we have 
mus.. nothing better.. 

quam is often omitted after plus, ainplms, more; minus, less; 
longms, farther, and the like without influence upon the construc- 
tion. But the Ablative may also he used when the word with quam 
would be in the Nominative or Accusative. 
ex Komanis minus trecenti pe- of the Romans less than 300 

rierunt perished 

tecum plus annum vixit he lived with you more than a 

year 
plus quam ducenti interf ecti sunt \ 

plus ducenti interfecti sunt >- more than 200 were hilled. 

plus ducentis interfecti sunt ) 

Certain Ablatives, as oplnione, exspectatione, spe, solito, preceding 
a comparative are used instead of a Clause, as: 

opinione celerius, sooner than is expected; 

dicto citius, quicker than the word was spoken; 

serius spe, later than was hoped; 

amnis solito citatior, the river running faster than usual. 

The Ablative is used with comparatives and words implying com- 
parison to denote the Degree of Difference. This use is especially 
frequent with the Ablatives: 

multo, much altero tanto, twice as much 

paulo, a Utile nihilo, by nothing, no 

aliquanto, some more quo . . eo ) ., .. 

tanto, so much quanto . . tanto j 
quanto, how much 

minor uno mense younger by one month 

multo praestat virtus divitiis virtue is much better than riches. 



— 41 — 

2. The Ablative of Manner answers the question 
How? 

It is used with the preposition ciim when it has no Adjective; 
with or without cum when it has an adjective. Words signifying 
manner themselves, such as: modus, ratio, mos, ritus, and likewise 
animus, mens, consilium, never take cum. 

cum voluptate aliquem audire to hear some one with pleasure 

aliquid facere magno studio, or to do something with great zeal 

magno cum studio 

aliquid aequo ammo ferre (never to bear something with an even 

aequo cum ammo) mind. 

The following Ablatives are used without an Adjective or Pre- 
position: 

silentu), in silence jure, rightfully 

ordine, in an orderly manner injuria, unjustly 

casii, by chance vT, violently 

via et ratione, methodically vi et armis, by force of arms 

voluntate, voluntarily pedibus, a-foot 

dolo, fraude, fraudulently navibus, by ship 

3. The Ablative with an Adjective or an equivalent 
is used to denote Quality. 

Physical characteristics are put in the Ablative only; measure, 
number, time and space in the Genitive only (see 221, 5). 

serpens ingenti magnitudine, a serpent of huge size; 

Britanni sunt capillo promisso, the Britons have long hanging locks. 

4. As a rule, Price is put in the Ablative. 

The Ablative of Price is used with 
emere ^ aestimare, to value 

redimere \- to buy locare '{ . , . 



! 



mercari ) collocare 

vendere, to sell (pass, venire) conducere, to hire 

licere, to be for sale esse, stare, constare, to cost 

patriam auro vendidit he sold his country for gold 

equus mihi talento stetit the horse cost me a talent 



42 — 



General Value or Cost is expressed by the Ablatives: 
magno, at a high price pltirimo, at a very high price 

parvo, at a low price minimo, at a very low price 

nihilo, for nothing 

hortos istos emanius magno, si let us buy those gardens at a 
parvo non possunius high price, if we cannot ha/re 

them cheap. 

Comparative Value or Cost (see 225, 2) is expressed by the Genitives: 
tantl, 6*o much quantl, how much 

tantidem, at the same price pluris, dearer; mlnoris, cheaper 



mercatores non tantidem ven- 
dunt quanti emerunt 

quanti cenas ? 



merchants do not sell at the 
same price at ivhich they 
bought 

what do you give for your 
dinner? 



Mark the following Particular Phrases: 

bene emere, to buy cheap bene vendere, to sell dear 

male" emere, to buy dear male vendere, to sell at a loss. 



ultro, of one's own accord 
peciinia, -ae, a sum of money 
sextaritis, -i, a pint 
as, assis, an as (farthing) 



seventas, -atis, severe judg- 
debilis, -e, weak [ment 

ignommia, -ae, a disgrace 
Hortensms, -l, Hortensius 



Tullus Hostiliiis (-1 -I), Tullus incredibilis, -e, incredible 

Hostilius 
proximiis, -a, -urn, last 



reereor, -ari, to recover 



ferox, -ocis, warlike 



stomachus, -l, the stomach 
latrans, -tis, craving 



Patria mihi vita multo est carior. Neminem Lycurgo aut 
meliorem aut utiliorem virum Lacedaemon tulit. Nulla res 
carius constat, quam quae prectbus emitur. Multo sanguine et 
vulneribus hostibus victoria stetit;. Tantus terror Gallici no- 
mmis erat, ut reges ultro pacem ingenti pecunia mercarentur. 
Ii qui ab hoste obsidentur, interdum emere aquae sextariuui 
magna pecunia coguntur. Quod non opus est, asse carum est. 
Tullus Hostilius non solum proximo regi dissimflis, sed ferocior 
etiam Romulo fuit. Est mundo nihil perfectius, nihil virttite 
melius. Oratores cum severitate audiuntur, poetae cum volup- 
tate. Quo debilior est hostis, eo major est ignominta, si quis 



— 43 — 

ab eo vincitur. Cicero aliquot annis fuit minor natu quam 
Hortensms. Veteres Germani ingenti magnitudme corporum 
et incredibili fortitudme at^ie exercitatione in armis fuerunt. 
Bona valettido jucundior est eis, qui e gravi morbo recreati 
sunt, quam qui nunquam aegro corpore fuerunt. Interdum 
fit, ut parvo veneat, quod magno emptum est. Cum sale pa- 
nis stomachum latrantem bene leniet. Qui sitiunt silentio bi- 
bunt. Empta dolore docet experientia. 

232. crassiis, -a, -um, dense plane, quite 

Hiberma, -ae, Ireland infelix, -icis, unhappy 

ingenium, -I, talent fortasse, perhaps 

frequens, -tis, crowded copla, -ae, stock 

Jugurtha, -ae, Jugurtha luculentus, -a, -iim, bright 

Nfimidia, -ae, Numidia allenus, -a, -iim, abroad 

The earth revolves around its axis with the greatest swift- 
ness. Cicero always began to speak with great fear. What 
is more desirable than wisdom, what better for man ? No 
one is dearer to me than my parents. The simpler food is, 
the more useful it is for man. Those who have a good con- 
science are usually of a tranquil mind. The air is denser, the 
nearer it is to the earth. Ireland is less by half than Great 
Britain. We cannot buy virtue and wisdom with gold. The 
wise man bears an injury with an even mind. Not all pupils 
[are of] have great talent. In large and crowded cities houses 
are let at a very high price. The wiser any one is, the more 
modest lie is. Jugurtha, king of Numidia, had purchased 
peace from the Roman generals with a large sum of money. 
Our house was bought for a very high price. We willingly 
keep company with those who are of cheerful mind. The pea- 
cock is handsomer than other birds, not more useful. Every 
portion o/time seems the shorter, the happier it is. Those who 
live honorably and virtuously [with virtue] can never be quite 
unhappy. It is much more difficult to conquer one's self than 
an enemy. We sell our corn not dearer than every body else 
(ceteri), perhaps even cheaper, since we have a larger stock. 
No place ought to be dearer to thee than thy country. The 
smoke of our own country is brighter than fire abroad. 



__ 44 — 

233. Ablative of Separation, Plenty, Want. 

1. Verbs signifying to remove, abstain, set free take 

the Ablative with or without the Prepositions ex, de, 

ab; but with Persons a Preposition, usually ab, must 

be used. 

Examples are: 

depellere loco, to, drive from a place 

abstinere injuria, to abstain from wrong doing 

abstinere maims ab alienis, to keep one's hands from other 

people's property 
Sjicere e clvitate, to drive from the state 
erumpere e saxis, to burst from the rocks 
abhorrere ab aliqua rg, to differ frome something 
deterrere ab injuria, to deter from wrong doing 
liberare a curls, to release from cares 
decedere (de) vita, to depart from life 

Hannibal ex Italia decedere Hannibal was forced to with- 

coactus est draw from Italy 

Alexander vix a se manus ab- Alexander hardly kept his 

stinuit hands from himself 

multos forttina liberat paena, fortune rids many of punish- 

metu neminem ment, none of fear. 

Verbs compounded with se and dis take nearly always a or ab; 
such are: 

discernere ) tQ disti ish sficernere } 

distinguere ) sejungere y to separate 

differre \ separare ) 
discrepare ( likewise: 

dissentlre C t0 aWer > aisa 9 ree alienare, to alienate 

distare ) abhorrere, to be averse 

crede mihi, mores distant a car- believe me, my conduct jar 
mine nostro differs from my song. 

Mark the Particular Phrase: 

interdicere alicui aqua et ignl, to forbid one the use of fire 
and, water, to banish one. 

2. Verbs of Plenty and Want, of Filling and Be- 
priving take the Ablative. 



— 45 



abundare, to abound, have abun- 
dance 

carere, to be or do without, to 
lack 

egere, indigSre, to need 

vacare, to be void of, be free 
from 

satiare, to glut 

non egeo medicina 

admonitlo aeerbitate carere de- 
bet 

America abundat lacubus et flu- 
minibus 



explere 
implere 
complere 
replgre 
orbare ) 
privare ) 



to fll 



to deprive 



spoliare ) tQ plunder ^ to strip 



I do not need medicine 

an admonition should be with- 
out bitterness 

America abounds in lakes and 
rivers. 



egeo and indigeo are often followed by the Genitive. 

Adjectives of Plenty and Want regularly take the Genitive (see 
223), but some of them follow the analogy of the corresponding 
verbs and take the Ablative. Among them are: 



nudus, naked 
orbiis, deprived of 
liber, free 

asellus onustus auro 
urbs nuda praesidio 



onustus, laden 

Inai il s void 
vacuus ) 



refertus, stuffed 
praeditus, endowed 



a donkey laden with gold 
a city naked of defence. 



assiduus, -a, -urn, industrious 
caseus, -I, cheese 
admisceo, -ere, to add 
Timoleon, -ontis, Timoleon 
felicitas, -atis, good fortune 
meritus, -a, -urn, deserving 
Tomyris, -, Tomyris 
amputo, -are, to cut off 



uter, -ris, a leather bag 
exprobratiO, -onis, a reproof 
insatiabilis, -e, that cannot be 

satisfied 
Arion, -onis, Arion 
sensus, -us, sensibility 
fama, -ae, glory 
solatium, -I, consolation 



Boni assidulque dommi villa semper abundat lacte, caseo, 
nielle. Cotidie nos nattira admonet, quam paucis, quam par- 
vis rebus egeat. Nihil honestum esse potest, quod vacat 
justitia. Deus mundum bonis omnibus explevit, mali nihil 
admiscuit. Timoleon incredibili felicitate Dionysium tota 
Sicilia depulit. Docemur coercere omnes cupiditates, nostra 



— 46 — 

tueri, ab alienis mentes, oculos, manus abstinere. Athenienses 
optime meritos cives e civitate ejiciebant. Plurima flumina 
erumpunt saxis et montibus. Mare rubrum colore non abhor- 
ret a ceteris. Caput Cyri amputatum in utrem humano san- 
guine repletum conjici Tomyris regina jussit cum hac expro- 
bratione crudelitatis : "Satia te sanguine, quern sitisti, 
cujusque insatiabilis semper fuisti." Thales interrogatus quid 
esset Deus: Quod, inquit, caret initio et fine. Themistocles 
tanta memoria praeditiis erat, ut artem obliviscendi discere 
mallet quam artem memoriae. Mortui carent sensu. Arlon 
nommis sui fama omnes terras impleverat. Hiems arbores 
foliis spoliavit, Vacare culpa magnum est solatium. Caret 
periculo, qui etiam tutus cavet. 

234z„ miiniis, -eris, a service tarn . . quam, so much . . as 
sustineo, -ere, to assume ars, -tis, skill 

perturbo, -are, to disturb Pruslas, -ae, Prusias 

The fear of punishment deters many from wrong doing. No 
space is void of air. Death releases men from all cares. If we 
shall be free from passions, we shall be able to depart from life 
with a tranquil mind. We all need God's help. Yerres had 
an abundance of gold and silver, vessels of which he had plun- 
dered the temples of the gods. Neither men nor animals can 
do without air. America abounds in gold. Old age is not 
without its pleasures and joys. The sun fills the whole world 
with its light. Democritus is said to have deprived himself of 
his eyes. The cold north-wind strips the trees of their leaves. 
Children need the advice of their parents. In Sulla's time (plur.) 
the Roman commonwealth was deprived of many illustrious 
men. No one's life is always filled with joys. The civil war 
which deprived our republic of its best men affected me with 
great grief. Many cannot abstain from wrong doing. Old age is 
free from those services which cannot be assumed without 
strength (vires). Fear of death most disturbs those who 
abound in all good things. Do you need money? The most 
necessary things do not require (indigeo) skill so much as 
labor. Prusias was robbed of his kingdom and forsaken even 
by his friends. 



— 47 — 

235. Ablative in Special Constructions. 

1. opus est, there is need, it is needful, necessary. 
takes the Dative of the Person who is in want, and the 
Ablative of the Thing wanted; but the Thing wanted 
may be the Subject and opus est (sunt) the Predicate. 

The Former Construction must regularly be used in Negative Sent- 
ences, and the latter with Neuter Adjectives and Pronouns; opus is 
always indeclinable. 

opus mihi est libro ( / want a book 

liber mihi opus est ( a book is what I want 

opus mihi est libris j / want books 

libri mihi opus sunt ( books are what I want 

nihil opus est duce there is no need of a leader 

multa opus sunt there is need of many things. 

2. The Ablative is used with the Adjectives: 

dignus, worthy fretus, trusting, relying 

indignus, unworthy contentus, satisfied, 

also with dignor, / deem worthy. 

alieniis, strange, foreign, takes the Ablative with or without 

a, ab. 

vir patre dignisslmus ■ a man most ivorthy of his father 

me dignor honore / deem myself worthy of honor 

homo sum, humani nihil a me / am a man, and nothing relat- 

alienum puto ing to man I deem foreign 

to me. 

3. The Ablative is used with the Deponent Verbs: 

iitor, -i, to use potior, -Tri, to make one's self 

fruor, -I, to enjoy master of 

fungor, -l, to discharge vescor, -l, to feed 

and their Compounds: 
abutor, -l, to abuse defungor; -I, to discharge 

perfruor, -I, to enjoy fully perfungor, -I, to fulfil 

utar vestra benignitate, I will avail myself of your kindness; 
vescimur bestiis, we live upon animals. 

potior sometimes takes the Genitive; always in the phrase: pStiri 
rerum, to get control of affairs. 



— 48 — 

nTtor, / stay myself, rest upon, takes the Ablative with or with- 
out in. 

fido and confido, / trust, take the Ablative when the object is a 
Thing, and the Dative when the object is a Person, diffido, I dis- 
trust, commonly takes the Dative. See 215, 3. 

in Pompeji vita nititur salus ci- the welfare of the state depends 

vitatis on Pompey's life 

nemo potest fortfmae stabilitate no one can trust to the stability 

confidere of fortune 

huic legioni Caesar maxime con- this legion Caesar especially 

fidebat trusted. 



recreati5, -onis, recreation diutinils, -a, -um, long 

superstitiO, -onis, superstition exercitatfis, -a, -lim, practiced 

veneratiO, -onis, respect demum, indeed 

Scytha, -ae, a Scythian possideo, -ere, to possess 

plaustrum, -l, a wagon quo, whither 

paiio, -ere, to secure, obtain Cleopatra, -ae, Cleopatra 

Corpori animoque nonnumquam recreatione opus est. Ad 
communem civmm salutem bonis legibus opus est. Decemviri 
leges, quibus popidus Romanus uteretur (obey), in duodecim 
tabulis scripserunt. Qui homines superstitione liberant, non 
minus digni sunt veneratione, quam qui servittitem ab iis depel- 
lunt. Scythae uxores liberosque secum in plaustris vehebant, 
quibus pro domibus utebantur. Pax parltur bello; itaque qui 
pace diutina volunt frui, bello exercitati esse debent. Is de- 
mum sapientis et beati nomine dignus est, qui modica sorte 
contentus aequo ammo iis caret, quae non possidet. Augustus 
Alexandria, quo Antonius cum Cleopatra fugerat, brevi tem- 
p5re potitus est. Fide sapientiaque vestra fretus plus oneris 
sustuli, quam ferre me posse intellego. Vincere scis, Hanni- 
bal; victoria uti nescis. Ad bellum gerendum copiis, armis 
et pecunia opus est. Qui bona fruitur valetudme, non indiget 
mediclna. Nonnulli Romanorum servos, quorum fideli opera 
usi erant, donabant libertate. O hommem mille morttbus 
dignum! Yirtus vel in hoste laude digna est. Laetus sorte 
tua vives sapienter 1 



— 49 — 

236. sciens, -tis, skillful pietas, -atis, piety 

conficio, -ere, to accomplish admiratiO, -onis, admiration 

imitatio, -onis, imitation recordatio, -onis, recollection 

fides, -ei, loyally antiquus, -a, -iim, early 

uti, to use, employ, has a great range of meaning. Special Uses 
worthy of note are as follows: 

consilio uti, to follow advice 

legibus uti, to obey the laws 

bono patre uti, to have a good father 

aliquo amico uti, to have a friend in a man 

male uti allqua re, to make bad use of a thing. 

vivere, to live is construed like vesci, as: pisclbus vivere, to 
live on fish. 

That ship which employs the most skillful pilot best accom- 
plishes its course. How much money do you need? We some- 
times have need of recreation. There is need not of many books 
but of good ones. The mind during sleep is free (vacuus) from 
cares. The virtue of excellent citizens is worthy of imitation, 
not of envy. The safety of the state rests on the loyalty, piety, 
and virtue of the citizens. Flies are no less worthy of admira- 
tion than elephants. How many are unworthy of light and 
nevertheless the sun rises! Those who are endowed with 
virtue are alone happy. Blessed is he who is content with 
honorable mediocrity. No one can trust either to the strength 
of his body, or to the stability of fortune. The laws which 
the Athenians obeyed were given by Solon. We rejoice in the 
recollection of past pleasures. All the works of God are worthy 
of the highest admiration. That is every one's own, which 
every one enjoys and uses. Alexander made himself master of 
the empire of the whole of Asia. Some tribes live on fish and 
the eggs of birds. Many men make bad use of riches. The 
light which we enjoy is given to us by God! Fraud is foreign 
to a good man. The old painters used but few colors. Men 
in the earliest times lived on acorns. Most people will enjoy 
greater happiness in heaven than they have enjoyed upon 
this earth. The elder Cato ate the same food and drank the 
same wine with his servants. 



— 50 — 

237% Prepositions construed with the Accusative. 

ante, 5pud, ad, adversus, 
circiim, circa, citra, eis, 
erga, contra, inter, extra, 
infra, intra, juxta, ob, 
penes, (pone), post & praeter, 
prope, propter, per, secundum, 
supra, versus, ultra, trans. 

Sd, with many varieties of application, generally means to. It 
denotes: 

direction toward a place or person, as: ad urbem, to town; 
venio ad te, I come to you; 

nearness with reference to place, time or quantity, as: urbs sita 
ad mare, a town situated near the sea; ad vesperam, towards 
evening; ad ducentos, nearly 200; 

time, answering the question till when? as: adsummam senec- 
tutem, until extreme old age. It also denotes a fixed time, as: ad 
horam, at the hour; 

aim or purpose = in respect of, as: res ad bellum utiles, 
things useful for war; 

accord or agreement = according to, as: ad voluntatem ali- 
cujus loqni, to speak- according to some one's will. 

Particular Phrases are: 
ad verbum, word for word 

nihil ad hanc rem, nothing in comparison with this thing 
ad unum omnes, all to the last man. 

&pud, at, chiefly used of persons, denotes: 

nearness or presence, as: apud Caesarem, at Caesar's house; 
apud judices, before 9 in presence of, the judges; apud Can- 
nas, near Cannae; 

situation or estimation among, regard by, as: apud veteres, 
with the ancients; apud me nihil valet hommurn opinio, with 
me the opinion of the multitude has no weight. 

apud is also used with the Names of Authors instead of in 
with the name of their works, as: apud Plinium legimus, we read 
in Pliny (in his works). 

ante, before, means preceding in space or time, as: ante por- 
tas, before the gates; ante noctem, before night 



— 51 — 

adversus, more rarely adversum, indicates: 

direction toward & place or person, and combines the meanings 
of both against and toward, as: castra adversus urbem ponere, 
to pitch the camp over against the city; adversus allquem 
pugnare, to fight (against) with some one; piStas adversus pa- 
rentes, duty to (ward) parents. 

cis and citra, on this side, are used in reference to place op- 
posed to trans, as: citra Rubiconem, on this side of the Rubicon. 

circa and circum are equivalent to both around and about 
with reference to place, as: circum haec loca, hereabout; homi- 
nes circum se habent, they have people with them, circa is also 
used of time, as: circa eandem horam, about the same hour. 

Particular Phrase: 
circum amicos mittere, to send around to one's friends. 

circiter, near, about, is used of time only, as: circiter meri- 
diem, about noon, but is more commonly an Adverb. 

contra is equivalent to against in both its meanings: 
opposite to, as: contra Italiam, over against Italy; 
in opposition to, as : contra naturam vivere, to live against 

nature. 
erga, toward, always implies friendly feelings, as: divina bonl- 
tas erga homines, God's goodness toward men. 

extra means without = out of, sometimes beyond or except, 
as: extra urbem, without the city; extra modum, beyond 
measure j extra ducem reliqui rapaces sunt, except the leader the 
rest are robbers. 

intra denotes within in regard to both place and time, as: 
intra urbem, within the city; intra decern annos, tvithin or 
during 10 years, intra with an Ordinal Number means: before the 
expiration of, as: intra decimum diem urbem cepit, before the 
expiration of the 10th day he took the city. 

inter is equivalent to both between and among, as: inter Pa- 
dum et Alpes, between the Po and the Alps; Croesus inter reges 
opulentissimus, Croesus, the wealthiest among kings. It is also 
used to denote time, as: inter cenam, during dinner; inter 
ludendum, while playing. With the personal pronouns, inter 
nos, vos, eos, se, it is employed in a reciprocal sense, answering to 
the English one another, each other, as: Ciceronis puSri amant 
inter se, Cicero's boys love one another. 



- 52 — 

infra, below, means: 

lower in place, as: infra caelum, under the sky; 

lower in rank or esteem, as: eum infra omnes puto, I think 
him beneath all men; 

later in time, as: Homerus non infra Lycurgum fuit, Homer 
was not later than Lycurgus; 

smaller than, as: magnitudme infra elephantum, in size 
smaller than an elephant. 

juxta, hard by, beside, as: juxta murum castra posuit, he 
pitched the camp hard by the wall 

ob sometimes means before, as: ob oculos versari, to be before 
the eyes. Generally it means by reason of, on account of, as: ob 
earn causam, for that reason. 

penes denotes in the possession or power of, as: summum irn- 
perium penes Agamemnonem erat, the chief command was in 
the hands of Agamemnon. 

per, through, is used in a great variety of applications, as: 

denoting place, from end to end, as: per urbem ire, to go 
through the city; 

denoting continuance or duration, as: per noctem, during the 
night; 

denoting the agent or means, as: per amicum servatus sum, by 
(means of) my friend I was saved; 

denoting the manner in which a thing is done, as: per littSras, 
by letter; per potestatem, by authority; per iram, from or in 
anger; per vim, by violence; 

denoting the object invoked in forms of swearing, as: per deos 
immortales jurare, to swear by the immortal gods. 

Particular Phrases: 
per me licet, you may for all I care; 
per aetatem, on account of his age; 
per valetudmem, on account of ill health. 

post, after, denotes: 

behind in place, as: post equitem sedet atra cura, behind the 
rider sits black care; 

later in time, as: post tenebras lux, after darkness comes light. 



— 53 — 

praeter primarily means along, as: praeter litus, along 
shore; yet it is more commonly equivalent to except or besides, as: 
praeter te amicum neminem habeo, except you I have no friend; 
praeter auctoritatem etiam vires habet, besides authority he has 
also strength. 

Particular Phrases: 
praeter spem, contrary to hope; 
praeter modum, immoderately; 
praeter ceteros, more than the rest 

prope, near, near by, as: prope urbem, near the city. 

propter is equivalent to prope, near, as: propter Siciliam in- 
sulae Vulcaniae sunt, near Sicily are the Vulcanian islands; but 
most frequently it is on account of, implying motive or reason, as: 
propter modestiam tuam te dillgo, Hove you on account of your 
modesty. 

secundum (derived from sequl, to follow) means : 

along, as: secundum mare iter facere, to make a journey 
along the sea shore; 

next to, immediately after, as: secundum cenam, imme- 
diately after dinner; 

according to, as: secundum naturam vivere, to live accord- 
ing to nature. 

supra, above (opposite to infra) denotes: 
higher in place, as : supra lunam, above the moon; 
more than, superior to, as: supra duos menses, more than 
two months; supra vires, above one's strength. 

trans, beyond, across, on the other side, with verbs expressing 
motion, as: multae aves ante hiemem trans mare migrant, many 
birds migrate across the sea before winter; with verbs expressing 
rest, as: eo ipso tempore trans mare fui, at that very time I was 
beyond the sea. 

versus, towards, -ward, follows an accusative which is usually 
governed by ad or in, as : ad Oceanum versus proficisci, to set 
out towards the ocean. With domiis and names of towns, versus 
alone is used, as: Komam versus, Romeward; domum versus, 
homeward. 

ultra, beyond, on the further side, as: ultra Atlantem mon- 
tem, beyond mount Atlas. It is also used to denote measure, as: 
ultra septa transillre, to go beyond bounds. 



— 54 — 

servo, -arS, to observe legatio, -onls, an embassy 

excito, -are, to urge fundus, -I, (a piece of) land 

summa senecttis, extreme old age aequaliter, equally 

tragoedias facere, to compose consists, -ere, to halt 

tragedies castra ponere, to pitch a camp 

Contra Galliae oram Britannia est. Secundum Deum pa- 
rentibus et praeceptoribus plurimum debemus. Etiam adver- 
sus infimos justitia servanda est. Grati sinius erga parentes 
nostros, a quibus plurima beneficia accepimus. In bellis civili- 
bus cives contra cives, patres contra filios dimicant. Asia 
occidentem versus, Buropa orientem versus contra Americam 
sita est. Equi calcaribus ad cursum excitantur. Sophocles 
ad summam senectutem tragoedias fecit. Legationis jus apud 
omnes nationes sanctum esse consuevit. Lycurgus fundos om- 
nium aequaliter inter omnes divlsit. Caesar ad oppidum 
constitit, juxtaque murum castra posuit. Quam ob causam 
praeceptor te punivit ? Ob earn causam, quod neglegens fue- 
ram. Inter Galliam et GermanTam Rhenus est. Alexander 
exercitum praeter oram maritimam duxit. Animantia omnia 
aere et aqua ad vitam indigent. 

238. comparo, -are, to provide Vergilius, -I, Virgil 

titilitas, -atis, use Massilia, -ae,, Marseilles 

indlco, -ere, to declare ostia, -orum. the mouth (of a 

raritas, -atis, infrequency river) 

mirabilis, ~e, wonderful Cisalpmus, -a, -urn, Cisalpine 

fides, -el, belief Transalpinus, -a, -fim 3 Trans- 

Iones, -urn, the Ionians alpine 

Nature has provided the greatest abundance of things for 
the use of men. The sons of Brutus were slain by the lictor 
before the eyes of their father. Pompey finished the war 
of the pirates within 90 days. A good man obeys the laws 
from (propter) duty, a bad man from fear. The Romans 
by means of their ambassadors declared war on [to] the Cartha- 
ginians. Few man live according to nature. Catiline bore 
arms against his country. Next to God men can be most use- 
ful to men. Sophocles lived to extreme old age. Comets are 
wonderful on account of their infrequency and appearance. 
All animals live according to nature, man alone often lives 



— 55 — 

against reason and nature. I cannot believe that you will go 
across the sea. Julius Caesar was capable of enduring labor 
beyond belief. The Athenians brought the lonians help 
against the Persians. You will And this verse twice in Virgil. 
The city of Marseilles was founded near the mouth of the 
Rhone. The Romans called the land this side the Alps Cis- 
alpine Gaul, the land beyond the Alps Transalpine [Gaul]. 

239. Prepositions construed with the Ablative. 

a, ab, abs, cum, de, 
coram, pro, ex, e, 
tenus, sine, prae. 

a (&b, abs), from, is used in a variety of applications; it denotes: 

the point of time or space at which the action, state, etc. are 
regarded as setting out or beginning, as: a prima aetate, from an 
early age; ab urbe profectus est, he departed from the city; 

that from which anything proceeds or by which anything is 
produced, as: calor est a sole, the heat is from the sun; ab hoste 
interfectus est, he ivas killed by an enemy; 

that from which anything is guarded, with such verbs as de- 
fenders, tueri, etc., as: urbem defendere ab hostibus, to defend the 
city against the enemy; 

that with reference to which anything is or is done, equivalent 
to with respect to, as: imparati sumus a militibus, as to soldiers 
we are not ready. 

Before vowels and h, ab; before consonants, a or ab; abs be- 
fore te, but we say also a te, never ab te. 

absque, without, is rarely used. 

de primarily means down from or away from, as: de caelo, 
down from heaven; de vita decedere, to depart from life. It is 
also used in a partitive sense in such expressions as: unus de plebe, 
one of the people. "When denoting time, it is as early as, even at, 
as: de nocte, even at night; de mense Decembri, as early as 
December. Most commonly, however, it is concerning, about or 
on, as: de gestis Alexandri, on the exploits of Alexander; liber de 
amicitia, a booh on friendship. Sometimes it is equivalent to se- 
cundum, according to 7 as: de consillo meo, according to my 



— 56 — 

advice; and frequently it denotes the manner of action, as: denuo (de 
novo), de integro, afresh; de improvise, unexpectedly; de industria, 
purposely; qua de causa, quibus de causis, for which reason or 
reasons. 

coram, in the presence of before, as: coram amico, in the 
presence of a friend. When used as an adverb, coram means 
personally, as: coram adesse, to be present in person. 

cum, with, expresses association or accompanying circum- 
stances, as : cum aliquo ire, to go with some one; esse cum telo, 
to go armed; confligere cum hoste, to fight with the enemy. 

cum with the Ablative of a Personal Pronoun is always appended 
to it, as: tecum loquitur, he talks with you, and commonly also with 
the Relative: quocum, quibuscum (likewise cum quo, cum quibus); 
quicum is used for the Ablative of both numbers and all genders. 

e, ex, out of, from, denotes: 

the place, answering to the question whence? as: aiiquem ex 
regno pellere, to drive some one out of the kingdom; e longinquo 
viclere, to see from afar; ex equo pugnare, to fight on horseback; 

the point of time from which, as: ex illo die, from that day; 

the cause out of which anything proceeds, as: ex nihilo nihil fit, 
of nothing nothing comes; aeger ex vulnere, sick from a wound; 
ex quo, whence or for which reason. 

In a great many cases e (ex) has the signification in accordance 
ivith, as: ex ejus sententia, according to his opinion; or it denotes 
the manner of an action, as: ex ammo laudare, to praise heartily; ex 
improvlso, unexpectedly. In such phrases as: unus e multis, one 
of many, it is used in a partitive sense. 

Mark the Particular Phrases: 
ex tua re, to your advantage; e republica, for the good of the state. 

Before consonants e; before vowels and consonants, ex. 

pro means: 

before or in front of, preceding in space, as: pro castris aciem 
instruere, to array the army for battle before the camp; 

for= in defence of, in behalf of, as: pro patriamori, to die for 
one's country; 

for = instead of, as: pro consiile, in place of consul; 

in accordance with or in proportion to, as: pro portione, in 
proportion; pro virili parte, to the best of one's ability. 



— 57 — 

prae is before = in front of only in combination with agere 
and ferre, as: prae se ferre, to carry before one's self i. e. to show. 
Most commonly it means: in comparison with, in contrast with, 
as: prae me beatus es, in comparison with me you are happy; 
it is also frequently used in the sense of on account of implying 
an obstacle, as: prae lacrimis scribere non possum, / cannot 
write on account of tears. 

tentis, as far as, follows its noun, as: Tauro tenus, as far* as 
Taurus; hoc tenus, hitherto. 

sine, without, opposed to cum, has a negative power, hence we 
say: sine ulla spe, without any hope. 

The Accusative or Ablative is used with 
sub, super, subter, in. 

sub and in, when followed by the Accusative, indicate motion 
towards, when by the Ablative, rest in, a place. 

sub with the Accusative means: 

under, close to, as: sub montem succedere, to come close to 
the hill; 

about, shortly before, of time, as: sub noctem, towards night; 
sub lucem, near daylight; 

sub with the Ablative is always 

under, as: sub terra habitare, to live under ground; sub divo, 
in the open air; sub monte, at the foot of a hill. 

super has the Ablative only when used in the sense of de, con- 
cerning, as: hac super re, concerning this thing. With the Accusa- 
tive it signifies over, above, and answers to both questions whither? 
and where? as: super aliquem sedere, to sit above some one. 

Particular Phrases: vulnus super vulnus, rvound upon wound; 
super cenam, during dinner. 

subter, beneath, takes the Accusative answering to both questions 
whither? and where? as: subter togam, under the toga . 

in, with the Accusative denotes entrance with regard to place, as: 
in ultimas terras ablre, to go to the most remote countries. It also 
indicates the object toward which an action is directed, either with 
a friendly or hostile intention, as: amor in patrem, love for oiie's 
father; oratio in Catilmam, a speech against Catiline. With words 
denoting time it is equivalent to for, expressing a predetermination 
of that time, as: in diem vivere, to live for the day; in perpetuum, 
forever; in dies, from day to day. 



— 58 — 

Mark the Adverbial Expressions: hunc in modum, in this way; 
mirum in modum, in a wonderful manner; in vicem, alternately 
or instead of. 

in with the Ablative denotes presence in place, time or circum- 
stances, as: in urbe habito, / live in town; est mihi in ammo, 
/ have it in mind; in scribendo, while writing. When a Number 
or Quantity is indicated, it is equivalent to among, as: numerari in 
bonis civibus, to be counted among the good citizens. 



floreo, -ere, to be distinguished profundo, -ere, to shed 
desilio, -ire, to leap down concIO, -onis, an assembly 

fossa, -ae, a ditch tuba, -ae, a trumpet 

Christianus, -T, a Christian , sonitus, -us, a sound 
bre vitas, -atis, low stature perfero, -re, to bear 

dominor, -ari, to rule prima lux (-ae-ucis), daybreak 

Magnam glorlam nemo sine magno labore consecutus est. 
Homo ex ammo constat et corpore. Athenienses prae ceteris 
Graecis eloquentia floruerunt. Fur de tecto desiluit in fossam. 
Super moribus Christianorum Plintus epistulam scripsit ad 
Trajanum Imperatorem. Atrox fuit proelium; alii super alios 
trucidabantur. Virtus omnia subter se habet. Adulescentes 
coram sembus verecundi sunto. Galli prae magnitudme cor- 
porum suorum brevitatem Romanorum contemnebant. In bello 
Ads dominatur, in pace justitia. Sub vesperum pleraeque aves 
obdormiscunt et sub primam lucem expergiscuntur. Nemo 
absque virttite beatus esse potest. Antonius de Caesare coram 
populo lacrimas profudit. In concione de virtute loqueris, in 
proelio prae ignavia tubae sonitum perferre non potes. Etiam 
subter undis thesauri reperiuntur. Super cenam alii de aliis 
rebus colloquuntur. 

24:0. Hebraeus, -I, a Hebrew reflects, -ere, to bend 

pervenio, -ire, to pass cnlmus, -i, a thatched roof 

praecipiie, especially ostium, -i, a door 

rabiosus, -a, -um, mad Hmen, -inis, a threshold 

alvus, -i, the belly cruciatus, -us, torture 

Vice increases from day to day. All Gaul is divided into 
three parts. We write from the left hand to the right, the 
Hebrews from the right to the left. For so many and so great 



— 59 — 

benefits which we have received, we owe the greatest thanks 
to our parents. There are three virtues which above (praeter) 
others adorn a youth, modesty, the love of truth, and diligence. 
Souls do not die with their bodies. Frogs live in marshes. 
The sources of rivers are usually in mountains. The Romans 
before a battle implored victory from the immortal gods and 
goddesses. The boys of the Lacedaemonians remained up to 
their seventh year under the care of their mothers. The souls 
of the pious after this life will pass into heaven, as it were 
their home. In a good citizen the love of country is especially 
praised. Mad dogs bend the tail under the belly. A thatched 
roof covers the free; servitude dwells under marble and 
gold. The Scythians used wagons for houses. The innocent 
man can live even within the door and threshold of the prison 
without pain and torture. 

241. Place and Space. 

1. To express relations of Place, Prepositions are 
necessary, viz.: 

in with the Ablative to denote the place where, as: in urbe, in town; 

in or ad with the Accusative to denote the place to which, as: in 
Europam, to Europe; ad urbem, to town; 

ex with the Ablative to denote the place from which, as: ex Britan- 
nia, from Great Britain. 

2. But the Prepositions are not used with the 
names of Towns and small Islands. 

In answer to the question whither? names of towns and small 
islands are put in the Accusative Case, as: Eomam venit, he came 
to Rome. 

In answer to the question whence? the names of towns and small 
islands are put in the Ablative Case, as: Roma cessit, he retired 
from Rome. 

In answer to the question ivhere? the names of towns and small 
islands, if of the first or second declension and in the singular, 
are put in the Genitive Case, as: Roinae mansit, he remained at 
Rome. But if the names are of the plural number or belong to 



— 60 — 

the third declension, they are put in the Ablative Case, as: Babylone 
mortuus est, he died at Babylon, (For the place where there 
was formerly a special Case, the Locative ending in I which is 
preserved in Carthagini, at Carthage; ruri, in the country, etc.) 

urbs or oppiduni without an Attribute is placed before the 
proper name,, and the preposition in or ex is always employed, as: 

in urbem Cirtam to the city of Cirta 

ex oppido Gergovia from the town of Gergovia 

in urbe Roma ; in the city of Rome. 

urbs or oppiduni with an Attribute is placed after the proper 
name, commonly with in or ex. But in answer to the question 
where? the Ablative may be used with or without in, even though 
the proper name be in the Genitive. 
Aulide, ex oppido Boeotiae from Aulis, a town ofBoeotia 

Thalam, in oppidum magnum to Thala, a great town 
Albae, (in) urbe munlta at Alba, a fortified city. 

3. The following words are used like names of 

towns, without a preposition: 

rtis, into the country domum, home 

rure, from the country domo, from home humo, from the ground 

r&rl, in the country domi, at home humi, on the ground 

domi militiaeque, at home and in the field 

belli domique, in war and in peace 

foras, to the doors; forls, out-of-doors; abroad 

A Genitive or Possessive may be used with clomus in this con- 
struction, but when it is modified in any other way, a preposition is 
generally employed, as: 

domi meae at my house 

domum Caesaris to Caesar's house 

in domum veterem e nova to the old house from the new. 

4. The Ablative is used without a preposition to 
denote the place Where 

with nouns when qualified by the Adjective totiis (cuncttis): 

Demosthenes disertissimus tota Demosthenes was the most elo- 
Graecia fuit quent man in all Greece; 

with loco, locis when qualified by Adjectives: 
hoc loco, multis locis in this place, in many places. 



imprimere, to stamp 
inscribere, to write upon 



— 61 — 

The Way by which is put in the Ablative: 

terra marlque by sea and by land 

Appia via profectus est he set out by the Appian way. 

The Preposition in is generally joined with the Ablative after Verbs 
of Placing } as: 

ponere, to place defigere, to plant 

collocare, to put demergers, to plunge 

statiiere ) fQ set 

constituere ) 

considers, to settle incidere, to carve upon 

Plato rationem in capite posiiit Plato has put reason in the head 
Lucrctia cultrum in corde defi- Lucretia plants a knife in her 
git heart. 

Again, after Verbs of Assembling and kindred significations the 
Preposition in is followed by the Accusative. Mark the following: 

advenire, to arrive congregarl, to assemble 

convenire, to meet nuntiare, to bring word 

cogere, to assemble 
conjurati in curiam convengrunt the conspirators met in the 

senate house. 

5. Extent of Space is put in the Accusative, as: 

fossa pedes trecentos longa est, the ditch is 300 feet long, 6 feet 
sex pedes alta deep. 

Measures of length, depth, etc., are often expressed by the Genitive 
of Quality, as: 

vallum pedum duodecim fieri he ordered a rampart to be 
jussit made of 12 feet (in height). 

6. Distance how far is put in the Accusative or 
Ablative, as: 

a recta conscientia transversum we ought not to swerve a naiVs 
ungfiem non oportet discedSre breadth from a right con- 

science 

copiae Ariovisti a Komanis mi- the troops of Ariovistus were 
libus quattuor et viginti afuS- twenty four miles from the 
runt Romans. 



— 62 — 

comoedia, -ae, a comedy concillo, -are, to bring about 

histriG, -onis, an actor opportunus, -a, -urn, suitable 

Lysander, -ri, Lysander colloco, -are, to pitch 

Sablni, -orum, the Sabine ter- Arabs, -aMs, an Arabian 

ritory cubitum, -1, a cubit 

transversiis digitus, a finger's confliio, -ere, to flock 

breadth notiO, -onis, an idea 

Cimon, -is, Cimon iilula, -ae, an owl 

Romae etsi comoedia et tragoedia popiilo placebant, omne 
histrionum genus (class) male audiebat. Imperante Tiberio 
histriones omnes Roma atque Italia pulsi sunt. Lysander 
Lacedaemonius dicere solitus est, Lacedaemone esse honestis- 
simum domicilium seneettitis. In civitate libera lingiiam 
mentemque liberas esse oportet. Yespasianus natus est in 
vico modico Sabinorum. A recta conscientia transversum ut 
ajunt digltum non oportet discedere. Aristides Athenis natus 
a pueritia firmo constantlque animo fuit. Cimon sua sponte 
Athenis Lacedaemona profectus est pacemque inter duas 
maximas Graeciae civitates conciliavit. Castra Gallorum oppor- 
ttino loco collocata erant. Arabes gladios habebant teniies, 
longos quaterna cubita. Quoad pater meus vixit, perbono loco 
res erant nostrae. Quos flagitia domo expulerant, hi omnes Ro- 
mam confluxerunt. In omnium animis Dei notionem impres- 
sit ipsa natura. Xerxes, a Themistocle periculi admonitus, 
eadem via, qua sex mensibus iter in Graeciam fecerat, triginta 
diebus in Asiam rediit. Uliilas Athenas portas. Si Romae 
fueris, Romano vivlto more. 

242. passim, here and there rectus, -a, -urn, straight 

agger, -is, a mound deorsum, downwards 

proboscis, -ldis, a trunk IJtica, -ae, Utica 

diffundo, -ere, to diffuse miliariiim, -T, a mile 

Ephestis, -I, Ephesus disto, -are, to be distant 

Antiochtis, -T, Antiochus vitam agere, to pass one's life 
compositi6,-onis, arrangement constituo, -ere, to determine 

Many trees, broken by the force of the tempest, here and 
there lay on the ground. The soldiers built a mound 300 feet 
broad and 80 feet high. The trunk of the elephant is seven 



— 63 — 

or eight feet long. Light is diffused over the whole world. 
My uncle has departed by sea for California. Croesus, king of 
Lydia, sent ambassadors to Delphi; in Delphi there was a very 
celebrated oracle of Apollo. Alcibiades was born at Athens 
and educated in the house of Pericles. Hannibal being driven 
from Carthage came to Ephesus to king Antiochus. The sun 
does not always rise or set in the same place. Order is the 
arrangement of things in fitting and convenient places. The 
Athenians led out their forces from (ex) the city and pitched 
their camp in a suitable place. A stone falling is borne down- 
wards in a straight line. The Romans conquered the Cartha- 
ginians by land and sea. Cato killed himself with his own 
hand at Utica, a town of Africa. The city of Naples is dis- 
tant five English miles from Vesuvius. My uncle has deter- 
mined to pass his life in the country. 



243. Time. 

1. Time ivhen is expressed by the Ablative of words 
denoting time, such as: 

tempus, time saeculum, a century 

aetas, an age ver, spring 
punctum temporis, a moment aestas, summer 

hora, an hour auctumnus, autumn 

dies, a day hiems, winter 

mensis, a month vesper, evening 

annus, a year nox, night 

Hannibalis milites vere conve- HannibaVs soldiers assembled 
nere in spring. 

Words not explicitly expressing time, such as: bellum, pax, puS- 
ritia, usually take m with the Ablative; but they are without in, if 
joined with an Adjective or Genitive. So we say: 

in bello, in war times bello Persico, at the time of the 

in pace, in time of peace Persian war 

in pueritia, in boyhood prima pueritia, in early boyhood 

in adulescentia, in youth bello Antiochi, during the war 

in senectute, in old age with Antiochus 



— 64 — 

Particular Phrases: 

init!o „ I at the beginning temporlbus ) in the Umes of 

prmcipio J aetate ) 

adventu, at the arrival ludis, at the time of the games 

discessu, at the departure bis die, two times a day 

in tempore, at the right time hora nona, at 9 o'clock 

2. Time how long is put in the Accusative. 

Appius caecus multos annos fuit, Appius was blind many years. 

The Preposition per maybe used to denote from beginning to 
end, as: est,mecum per totum diem, he is vrith me the livelong day. 

Time how long since may be expressed by an ordinal number in 
the Accusative, as: 

Mithridates jam annum tertium Mithri dates has reigned going 
et vicesimum regnat on 23 years. 

Time how long before the present moment is expressed by abhinc 
with the Accusative, as: abhinc sex menses, six months ago. 

3. Distance of time how long before or after is ex- 
pressed by the Ablative with ante or post following: 

paucis diebus ante, a few days before 
paucis diebus post, a few days afterward. 

The Accusative can also be employed, but then the Preposition 
precedes, thus: ante, post paucos dies. 

Either Case and the cardinal as well as the ordinal numbers may 
be used, when the Preposition is placed between the Numeral and the 
Substantive. Hence the English phrase three years after may be 
expressed as follows: 

tribus annis post post tres annos 

tertio anno post post tertium annum 

tribus post annis tres post annos 

tertio post anno tertium post annum 

qu&m and a verb may be added to ante and post in all the 
forms above specified, as: 

tribus annis postquam venerat ) 

post tres annos quam venerat f three years after he 

tertio anno postquam venerat [ had come. 

post annum tertium quam venerat J 



— 65 — 

4. Time ivithin which is expressed by the Ablative or 
by intra with the Accusative: 

Agamemnon vix decern annis Agamemnon in ten years 
(intra decern annos) unam hardly took one city. 
cepit urbem 

5. Time for how long is expressed by in with the 
Accusative, as: 

Phaeton currum paternum in Phaeton asked his father's char- 
diem, rogavit riot for a day. 

The Question how old? is answered in different ways: 
by natus (born) with the Accusative, as: puer decern annos natus 
est, the boy is ten years old; 

by the Genitive of Quality: Hamilcar secum duxit filium Hanniba- 
lem annorum novem, Hamilcar took with him his son Hannibal 9 
years of age; 

by agere, to pass, with annus and an ordinal number, as: quar- 
tum annum ago et octogesimum, lam 83 years old. 

Older and younger are expressed by major and mindr with fol- 
lowing Ablative, as : 

major quinque et triginta annie, older than 35 years. 



obeo, -ire, to die postmeridianus, -a, -urn, after- 

oppugno, -are, to besiege noon 

Mithridates, -is, Mithridates ars typographic^ (tis -ae), the 

reparo, -are, to restore art of printing 

subigo, -ere, to subdue nonnisi, only 

Palatums, -a, -una, Palatine Hlmera, -ae, Himera 

matiitlnus, -a, -um, morning intonsiis, -a, -tlm, unshared 

ad imperium accedere, to come to the throne 

Augustus obiit sexto et septuagesimo aetatis anno. Decern 
quondam annos urbs oppugnata est ob unam mulierem ab 
universa Graecia. Mithridates regnavit annos sexaginta, vixit 
septuaginta duos, contra Romanos bellum habuit per annos 
quadraginta. Carthago jussu senatus reparata est annis XXII 
post quam a Scipione eversa erat. Hannibal imperator factus 
proximo trienmo omnes gentes HispanTae subegit. Romulus 
duodevicesimum aetatis annum agens urbem exiguam in monte 



— 66 — 

Palatlno condidit. Horis matutmis arcus caelestis occidentem 
versus, horis postmeridianis orientem versus apparet. Quot 
annos abhinc ars typographica inventa est ? Nonnullae aves 
per totum annum cantant, aliae nonnisi quibusdam anni tem- 
porlbus. Persae apud Salamma et Carthaginienses ad Hime- 
ram eodem die victi sunt. Carolus nobiscum plus annum vixit. 
Tonsores in Italiam ex Sicilia venerunt post Romam conditam 
anno quadringentesimo quinquagesimo quarto; antea intonsi 
fuere Romani. Arganthonius ad imperium quadraginta annos 
natus accessit, octoginta annos regnavit, et centum et viginti 
vixit. 

244:. campus, -5, a plain Saturn! Stella, the planet Saturn 

peragro, -are, to wander over conficio, -ere, to complete 

Agamemnon, -onis, Agamem- historicus, -I, a historian 

nocking of the Greeks ax ^ Troy artifex, -icis, an artist 

ferme, almost nobilis, -e, celebrated 

Veji, -oriim, Veji Suebi, -orum, the Suebi 

The Arabs wander over the plains and mountains winter 
and summer. Your uncle lived for many years at our house. 
Agamemnon, with all Greece, in ten years could hardly take 
one city? My friend's father died almost 20 years ago. Cicero 
was some years younger than Hortensius. In autumn storks 
migrate to other lands and return in spring. The city of 
Yeji was besieged during ten summers and winters. Rome 
was founded in the 754th year before Christ. King Numa 
[was] lived very many years before Pythagoras. The planet 
Saturn completes its course in nearly 30 years. In the time 
of Augustus there flourished at Rome very celebrated orators, 
historians, poets and artists. Alexander within a few years 
acquired possession of all Asia. At the time of the Gallic war 
all things except the Roman citadel had fallen into the hands 
of the enemies. Corinth was destroyed by Mummius, and 
Carthage by Scipio on the same day. Cyrus reigned 30 years; 
he teas forty years old ivhen he began to reign. Among the 
Suebi it was not allowed to stay longer than a year in the 
same place. Forsake those by whom you will be forsaken in 
a short time. 



— 67 — 

245. Peculiarities of Pronouns. 

hie, this, refers to that which is nearer the speaker 
(Demonstrative of the First Person) ; iste, that (of yours) 
to the person addressed (Demonstrative of the Second 
Person); ille, that, to that which is remote (Demon- 
strative of the Third Person). 

hie very frequently means that which is about to be mentioned, 
as: his condicionibus, on the following terms; 

iste especially refers to one's opponent (in court, etc.) and fre- 
quently implies contempt, as: Mars alter, ut isti volunt, a second 
Mars, as these fellows say; 

ille is often used of that which is well known, notorious, as: 
praeclarum illud Solonis, that famous saying of Solon. It is also 
used in the sense of the following. 

Often hie and ille are to be rendered the latter (hie, the one last 
mentioned, the nearer) and the former (ille, the one mentioned 
earlier, the remoter), thus: 

- melius de quibusdam acerbi ini- bitter enemies deserve better of 
mici merentur quam ii amici some people than those 
qui suavesvidentur;illi saepe friends who seem obliging; 
verum dicunt, hi nunquam. the former often tell the 

truth, the latter never. 

But the order is often reversed so that Mc refers to the object 

first mentioned (usually the more important) and ille to the one 

mentioned last. 

melior est certa pax quam spe- better is certain peace than 

rata victoria; haec in tua, hoped-for victory; the former 

ilia in deorum manu est is in your hands, the latter 

in the hands of the gods. 

Is, that, is either the regular Antecedent of the 
Relative or refers to an Object just mentioned. 

is sapiens, qui se ad casus ac- he is a wise man ivho accom- 
commodet omnes modates himself to all cir- 

cumstances 
mihi obviam venit tuus puer; is I was met by your servant; he 
mihi litteras abs te reddidit delivered to me a letter from 

you. 



— 68 — 

When a quality is ascribed with emphasis to an object already 
named, is with a copulative or adversative particle is used, thus: 

et is, atque is, isque, and he too, and that too 
neque is, et is non, and he not, and that not 

unam rem explicabo, eamque one point I shall explain, and 
maximam that, too, a very important one. 

No demonstrative pronoun is employed in Latin in phrases where 
that or those in English is used in place of a noun which would have 
to be repeated: 

Terentii fabulis plus delector I find more delight in the plays 
quam Plauti of Terence than in those of 

Plautus. 

As a rule, the Reflexive Pronoun sui, sibi, se and its 
Possessive siius, are used when reference is made to 
the Subject of the sentence. 

Caesar se ad suos recgpit Caesar betook himself to his men. 

The Possessive siius may also be used with reference to any noun 
in the same sentence on which emphasis is thrown, as: 

Socratem cives sui interfece- Socrates was put to death by 

runt his own fellow-citizens 

puer columbam cepit in nido suo the boy caught the dove in its 

nest 

On the other hand, the Demonstratives ejus, eorum, earum are used 
as Possessives of the third person, when no emphasis appears, or 
when reference is made to a noun in another sentence, as: 

Deum agnoscis ex operibus ejus you recognize God by his works 

multi cives interfecti, eorum- many citizens were slain, and 

que bona publicata sunt tlieir property confiscated. 

ipse, self, is used with any of the other pronouns or a noun for 
the sake of emphasis, often expressed in' English bj just, mere, 
very, as : triginta erant dies ipsi, it was just 30 days. 

When added to any reflexive pronoun, ipse agrees either with 
such pronoun or with the subject of the sentence, according as either 
is emphatic; as: 

piger ipse sibi obstat, the lazy man stands in his own way; 
nosce te ipsum! know thyself! 



— 69 — 

taediiim, -I, teMum transports, -are, to carry 

transfigo, -ere, to stab moleste" ferre, to be annoyed 

jaceo, -ere, to be down senator, -oris, a senator 

praeditiiii, -I, an estate conjuratio, -0111s, a conspiracy 

misericordia, -ae, charity Cassitis, -1, Cassius 

Corinthiiis, -1, a Corinthian interitum parare, to bring de- 

OYmmentsij-dTum, works of art struction upon 

Se ipsos omnes nattira diligunt. Multi vitae taedio sibi ipsi 
mortem consciverunt. Cato ipse pectus sibi gladio transfixit. 
Nostra ipsorum culpa tempora mala sunt. Medici ipsi se cu- 
rare non possunt. Hannibalem sui cives e civitate ejecerunt. 
Cato mortiius est annis octoginta sex ipsis ante Ciceronem 
consulem. Pugna suum finem, cum jacet hostis, habet. Prae- 
d!a mea possides, ego aliena misericordia vivo. Virtus propter 
sese colenda est, quamquam suam certamque mercedem habet. 
Romani CorinthTos vicerunt, eorumque ornamenta in suam 
urbem transportarunt. Ea mala molestissime ferre debent 
homines, quae ipsorum culpa contracta sunt. Deum, qui cui- 
libet homini multa beneficia tribuit, ex operibus ejus cognosci- 
mus. Quo maturiores uvae sunt, eo dulcius earum vinum est. 
Tiberius Gracchus et frater ejus a senatortbus necati sunt. 
Caesar et Hannibal clarissimi belli duces fuerunt; illi conjura- 
tio Bruti, Cassii aliorumque interitum paravit, hie veneno se 
ipse necavit. 

246. conjurationem facere, to get consisto, -ere (with ablat.), to 
up a conspiracy consist of 

Marcus, -I, Marcus Publitis, -1, Publius 

graviter adhortarl, to exhort abduco, -ere, to carry away 
earnestly injustitia, -ae, injustice 

agrlcultdrae studere, to pursue agriculture 

Angry men are not masters of themselves. Alcibiades 
carried on war not against his country, but against his enemies. 
His good fortune accompanied Caesar into Spain. Against 
Brutus, when consul, his own sons got up a conspiracy. Cicero 
wrote a book on duties to his son Marcus, and earnestly ex- 
horted him. The ancient Germans did not pursue agriculture, 
and the greater part of their food consisted of milk and cheese 



— TO — 

and flesh. Publius Scipio in the third Punic war took Carthage 
and carried away its inhabitants into slavery. I expect 
the father and his sons. The boy caught a bird in its nest. 
Carthage and Corinth were destroyed in the same year, the 
latter by Mummius, the former by Scipio. Wise men will not 
praise themselves. This garden is larger than the one (is) 
which my father bought; but the trees which are in it are 
very low. Socrates has become celebrated not less by his 
own wisdom and virtue than by the injustice of the Athenians. 
The boy writes the letter with his own hand. A sensible man 
does not always carry all his property with him. 



247 \ Use of Tenses. 

There are Six Tenses in Latin, viz: 

Of Continued Action: 
the Present, as: seribo, lam writing; 

the Imperfect, used chiefly for description or repeated action, as: 
scribSbam, I was writing; 

the Future, as: scrlbam, I shall write. 

Of Completed Action: 
the Perfect, either definite or historical, as: scrips!, I have written 
(definite), or: I wrote (historical); 

the Pluperfect, as: scripseram, / had written; 

the Future Perfect, as: scripsero, / shall have written. 

The Present is used of what is going on now, at the 
present time, and of what is true at all times, as: 

loqueris adhuc, cum omnes ta- you are itill speaking while all 

cent are silent 

fortes fortuna adjtivat fortune helps the brave. 

The Present is often substituted for the Historical Perfect in lively 
narration, as: 

triginta rectores reipublicae SO rulers of the Athenian com- 
Atheniensis constituuntur, qui monwealth are appointed, who 
fiunt tyranni become tyrants. 



— tt ■ — 

The Present is used in Latin to express a past action or state 
which is continued so as to be present also, especially with jam, now; 
jam dm, now for a long time; jam prldem, now long since, as: 

tot annos bella gero for so many years I have waged 

and am still ivaging war. 

The Present is regularly used with dum, while, though the time 
referred to is past, as : 

haec dum aguntur, Caesari nun- while this is going on, word 
tiatum est was brought to Caesar. 

The Imperfect denotes an action continuing in the 
past, but not then accomplished. It is employed to 
describe manners, customs and situations. 

scribebam epistulam, cum ami- / was writing a letter when my 

cus adesset friend came 

ante oppldum planities patebat before the town extended a plain 

Pausanias epulabatur more Per- Pausanias was wont to banquet 

sarum in the Persian style. 

The Future represents an action that is yet to come. 
Insubordinate clauses it is used with much greater 
exactness in Latin than in English: 

sanabimur, si volemus we shall be healed if we wish. 

The Future sometimes has the force of an Imperative: 

in sudore vultus tui comedes pa- in the sweat of thy face thou 
nem tuum shall eat thy bread. 

The Perfect has two distinct uses: 

I. As the Perfect Definite it denotes an action as 
now completed, and is rendered by the English Per- 
fect with have. 

triste est nomen carendi, quia sad is the phrase "do without" 
subjicitur haec vis: habuit, because this meaning is at- 
non habet tributed to it: he has had, he 

has no longer* 



— 72 — 

II. As the Historical Perfect it denotes an action as 

completed in past time, but leaves it, in other respects, 

wholly indeterminate. 

Caesar armis rem gerere con- Caesar resolved to use armed 

stituit, exercitum finibus Ita- force; he advanced with his 

liae admovit, Rubiconem trans- army to the frontiers of Italy, 

lit, Romam et aerarium occu- passed the Rubicon, took pos- 

pavit, Pompejum cedentem session of Borne and the 

persecutus est, eumque in treasury, pursued Pompey 

campis Pharsalicis devlcit. and defeated him in the plain 

of Pharsalus. 
The following Conjunctions: 

postquam \ afler ub! \ 

posteaquam ) ubi prunum [ 

ut ).._ „ simulac fas soon as 

iit primum 



) simulac f 

\ as soon as . ~7 w 

) simulatque J 

are usually followed by the Historical Perfect: 

milites postquam victonam when the soldiers had won the 
adepti sunt, nihil reliqui vie- victory, they left nothing to 
tis fecere the vanquished. 

The Pluperfect denotes an action as completed in 
the past, as: 

consul copias, quas pro castris the consul led back the forces 
collocaverat, reduxit which he had stationed before 

the camp. 

The Future Perfect denotes an action as completed 
in the future; it is used with much greater exactness 
in Latin than in English, as: 

ut sementem feceris, ita metes; as you sow, so shall you reap. 

The Periphrastic Conjugations are formed by combining the tenses of 
esse with the Future Participle (Active), and with the Gerundive 
(Passive). 

The Active Periphrastic Conjugation denotes either intention or 
being on the point of doing something, as: 

scripturiis sum, / purpose to write, or am about to write. 



— 73 — 

The Passive Periphrastic Conjugation expresses necessity or pro- 
priety, as: 
parentis amandl sunt, parents must be loved, deserve or ought to 
be loved. 

The Person by whom is put in the Dative, as: 

parentes Hberls amandl sunt, parents ought to be loved by their 
children. 
bellum script Cirus sum, quod po- / purpose to write the history of 
pulus Eomanus cum Jugurtha the war which the Roman people 
gessit carried on with Jugurtha. 



lectio, -onis, a reading magnopSre, greatly 

Pontiis, -I, Pontus vinculo, -oruni, fetters; adver- 

infigo, -ere, to fix in siis vincula, against being 

Pontictis, -&, -uni, Pontic fettered 

pompa, -ae, a procession aSneiis, -a, -um, brass- 

ornamentum, -T, a decoration Lucanus, -a, -um, Lucanian 

praefSro, -re, to carry before Lucania, -ae, Lucania 

titulus, -l, an inscription consulto, -are, to deliberate 

Donee eris felix, multos numerabis amlcos; tempora si fue- 
rint nubila, solus eris. Quid, si te rogavero aliquid, nonne 
respondebis? Novum Eboracum cum venero, quae videro, 
scribam ad te. Lectio, quae placuit, decies repetlta placebit. 
Mithridates, Ponti rex, omnium milttum suorum nomina me- 
moriae suae infixerat. Caesar Pontico triumpho inter pompae 
ornamenta trium verborum praetulit titulum: Yeni, vidi, vici. 
Agesilaus, rex Lacedaemoniorum cum liberis, quos magnopere 
diligebat, interdum ludebat. Amicus falsus, qui tibi adversus 
vincula opem promlsit, ubi primum catena crepuerit, aufugiet. 
Romani leges, quas senatus populusque sanxerat, aeneis tabu- 
lis inciderunt. Elephantos Italia primum vidit Pyrrhi regis 
bello et boves Lucanos appellavit, quia in Lucania primum 
apparuerunt. Ad paenitendum properat, cito qui judicat. 
Dum Pompeius consultat, Caesar summa cum celeritate Romam 
appropinquavit. Ariovistus, Germanorum princeps totam 
Galliam occupattirus erat. XJni non est pugnandum cum duo- 
bus. TempSre pacis cogitandum est de bello. Is fidelissime 
consilium dat, qui id suadet, quod ipse, si in eodem loco erit ; 
facturus erit. 



— 74 — 

24:8. Saguntum, -1, Saguntum diico, -ere, to bring 

foederatus, -&, -urn, allied studnmi, -1, zeal 

civitas, -atis, a city quondam, once upon a time 

vl expugnare, to storm commllltS, -onis, a fellow-sol- 

exercitum comparare, to raise dier 

an army fulgiira, flashes of lightning 

Hasdrubal, -is, Hasdrubal pervenire ad, to reach 

Hannibal as general subdued in war all the tribes of Spain, 
stormed Saguntum, an allied city, and raised three armies. Of 
these he sent one into Africa; the second he left with his 
brother Hasdrubal in Spain; the third he brought with him- 
self into Italy. I used to read the books of the ancient writers 
with great zeal and diligence in school. The cowardly soldier 
fled as soon as he saw the enemy. Once upon a time some one 
said to Alexander, king of Macedonia: The king of the Per- 
sians is leading an immense army to battle. Alexander 
replied: One butcher is not afraid of many sheep. Men will 
be more easily taught by examples than by precepts. Will 
you not (nonne) be moved by the prayers and tears of your 
parents ? Augustus after the civil wars never called his 
soldiers fellow-soldiers but soldiers. The flashes of lightning 
reach our eyes before we hear the crash of the thunders. 
Whilst Hannibal threatened [to] the city of Rome, the Ro- 
mans sent their forces out of the city into Spain. 

249. Sequence of Tenses. 

When two sentences are so related to each other, 
that the one defines and explains the other, and the 
one is dependent on the other, they are connected in 
the way of Subordination, as: 

crepant aedificia, priusquam cadant, houses creak before they fall; 

crepant aedificia is the Principal Clause, 
priusquam cadant is the Dependent Clause. 

The Subjunctive is largely used in Subordinate Sen- 
tences (see 253, ff.). 



— 75 — 

In those Dependent Clauses which require the Subjunctive the choice 
of the tenses of the Dependent Clause is determined by the tense 
of the Principal Clause according to the following: 

General Rules. 

I. Tenses, in regard to their connection, are divided into two 
classes: 

Principal, including the Present, both Futures and the Perfect 

Definite; 
Historical, including the Imperfect, the Historical Perfect and 

the Pluperfect 

II. Principal Tenses are followed by the Present Subjunctive for 
contemporary action, and by the Perfect Subjunctive for antecedent 
action. 

III. Historical Tenses are followed by the Imperfect Subjunctive 
for contemporary action, and by the Pluperfect Subjunctive for 
antecedent action. 

Principal Clause. Dependent Clause. 

Present, cognosco, / am findAng 

out 
Future, cognoscam, / shall find 

out 



Fut. Perf. cognovero, / shall have 



quid facias, what you are do- 
ing 

quid feceris, what you have 
done, what you have been 
doing, what you did 



found out (shall know) 
Perf.Defin.cognovi, / have found 
out (I know) 

Imperf. cognoscebam, J was find- f quid faceres, what you were 

ing out doing 

Pluperf. cognoveram, I had found j quid fecisses, what you had 

out (I knew) y done, had been doing 

f quid facerent hostes, what the 
Hist.Perf. Caesar cognovit, Caesar I enemy was doing 

found out j quid fecissent hostes, what the 

[ enemy had done 

The Perfect Definite, though properly a Principal 

tense, is more commonly treated as a Historical tense, 

and admits the Imperfect and Pluperfect, as: 

oblitus es, quod dixerim, you have forgotten what I said; 
interrogavi eum, quid faceret , I have asked him what he was doing; 
feci hoc, ut intellegeres, I have done this that you might see. 



- 76 — 

In Sentences of Result, with ut, qui, quin, the verb 
of the Dependent Clause has the same tense as it 
would have if the clause were a Principal one. 

Verres Siciliam ita perdidit, ut Verves so ruined Sicily, that 
ea restitui in antiquum sta- she can not be restored to her 
turn non possit ancient condition. 

The Future Tenses are wanting in the Subjunctive. After a Future 
or Future Perfect, their place is supplied by the Present or Perfect 
Subjunctive, after the other tenses by the Active Periphrastic Sub- 
junctive, Present or Imperfect; as: 

cognoscam, quid facias, I shall find out what you will be doing; 
cognovero, quid feceris, / shall have found out what you have done; 
cognosco, quid facturus sis, lam finding out what you will do; 
cognovSram, quid facturus esses, I had found out what you would do. 



stabilis, -e, permanent caducus, -a, -urn, drooping 

oditiiii, -I, enmity moribundus, -a, -um, dying 

discidium, -1, discord defluo, -ere, to run one's s. dry 

funditus, to the foundation vitreus, -a, -iim, of glass 

intercalo, -are, to interpolate concavus, -a, -um, hollow 

Pythagorgus,-!, a Pythagorean Caligula, -ae, Caligula 

commemoro -are, to rehearse cervix, -Icis, the neck 

vitis, -, a vine ictus, -us, a stroke 

With Superlatives and Ordinals quisque is translated every, as: 
optimum quidque, every good thing; quinto quoque anno, every 
fifth year. 

Quae domus tarn stabilis, quae tarn firma civitas est, quae 
non odiis atque discidiis funditus evertatur? Plato voluptatem 
escam appellat, quod homines ea capiantur, ut hamo pisces. 
Caesar dictator annum ad cursum solis accommodavit, ut tre- 
centorum sexaginta quinque dierum numeraretur, et unus dies 
quarto quoque anno intercalaretur. Tantus Germanorum ter- 
ror in castris Caesaris erat, ut vel testamenta a militibus 
Romanis scriberentur. Augustus tantus erat, ut triumphos 
contemneret. Pythagorei, quid quoque die dixissent, audivis- 
sent, egissent, vesperi commemorabant. Vitis, quae nattira 
cadtlca est ? nisi fulta sit ; ad terram trahitur. Alexander 



— n — 

moribundus quaerentibus, quern imperii heredem facere vellet, 
respondit: Dignissimum. Rusticus exspectat, dum defluat 
amnis. Si sitlmus, nihil interest, utrum sit aureum poculum 
an vitreum, an manus concava. Caligula optabat, ut populus 
Romanus unam cervlcem haberet, ut ipse uno ictu et uno die 
crudelitatem expleret. 

2o() 9 fragilitas, -atis, frailty benignitas, -atis, goodness 
Ideo tantum. for the reason only signifies, -are, to give notice 

The words which are to be expressed by the Subjunctive are 
underlined. 

Have you (tune) learned so little in school that you do not 
know this ? So great is the multitude of stars that they cannot 
be numbered. Life is short even if it lasts over 100 years. 
Sometimes there is need that we be reminded of human frailty. 
Our ancestors often fought that they might free their country. 
Sometimes men praise others only for the reason that they 
themselves may be praised by them. We carry on w r ar that we 
may enjoy peace. We see every day how great is the good- 
ness of God. Alexander had never said whom he was about to 
make his heir. Who does not know in how great honor music 
was held among the Greeks? The boy fell down from (de) the roof, 
so that he broke his leg. For this reason we have two ears 
and one mouth, that we may hear much and speak little. 
There is no state that has not wicked citizens. Dogs are 
kept in houses that they may give notice if thieves [have] 
come. Tell me, I beseech you, what page the teacher gave 
us to be copied. ~~ ~ 

251. Use of the Indicative. 

The Indicative is the mood of Direct Assertions or 

Questions, as: 

necessitas non habet legem necessity recognizes no law 

* quare vitia sua nemo confitetur ? why will no man confess his 
quia etlam nunc in illis est faults? because he continues 

to indulge in them* 



— 78 — 

In general, the Indicative is used in Latin nearly as in English. 
The principal points of difference are the following: 

The Indicative is sometimes used where the English idiom would 
suggest the Subjunctive, chiefly in expressions denoting the pro- 
priety, advantage or necessity of an action not performed, such as: 

longum est, it would be tedious possum ) j m i a h t t cou m 
utillus fuit, it would have been poteram S ' 

. W f . ( M|k ,. ff_? 1 1 ought ov I should 

par est, it would be fair debebam ) 

perturbationes animorum pote- / might call the disturbances of 
ram appellare morbos,sednon the mind "diseases," but 
conveniet ad omnia that would not suit all the 

cases. 

The Indicative of the Pe?Hphrastic Conjugations is often so 
used, as: 
haec condicio non accipienda these terms ought not to have 
fuit been accepted. 

With General Relatives, such as: 

quisquis, no matter who; quotquot, no matter how many, and 
all forms in -cunque, -ever, also with sive..sive, whether, .or, the 
Indicative is employed where 4n English the Potential may be 
used, as: 

quidquid id est, timeo Danaos whatever it may be, I fear the 
et dona ferentes Danai, even when they bring 

presents. 

Independent Uses of the Subjunctive. 

The Subjunctive represents the action of the verb 
as something merely entertained by the mind and 
dependent on other circumstances. 

The Present and Perfect Subjunctive are used to denote an action as 
possible (Potential Subjunctive) ; also the second person of the Imper- 
fect Subjunctive in the expressions: 

crederes, putares, you would, might have thought 
videres, cerneres, you would, might have seen. 
hie quaerat quisplam here some one may ask 

dixerit quis some one may say. 

The regular negative is non. 



— 79 — 

The Subjunctive is used to denote a wish— the Present and Perfect 
a wish conceived as possible; the Imperfect and Pluperfect an unac- 
complished one (Optative Subjunctive). The Present and Perfect are 
commonly, and the Imperfect and Pluperfect regularly preceded 
by utinam, that, I wish that, would that 

stet haec urbs may this city continue to stand 

falsus utinam vates sim i* wish I may be a false prophet 

utinam me mortuum vidisses would you had seen me dead 
The regular negative is ne. 

The Subjunctive is used to express an exhortation or a command 
(Hortatory or Imperative Subjunctive). 



Pres. First Pers. amemus patriam, let us love our country 
" Second Pers. corporis robore utare, use your bodily strength 
" Third Pers. amet, let him love 

Perf. Second Pers. J ne transieris Iberum, do not cross the Ebro 
(negative only). ( hoc ne feceris, thou shalt not do that. 

The regular negative is ne. 

The SubjunctiVe is used in the Present and Perfect to express a 
concession (Concessive Subjunctive), as: 
vendat aedes vir bonus, suppose an honest man is selling a house; 
sit fur, granted that he be a thief. 

The regular negative is ne. 

The Subjunctive is used m doubtful questions (Dubitative Subjunc- 
tive), as: 

quid hoc homlne facias ? what are you to do with this man? 
quid agerem ? wTidt was I to do? 

The regular negative is non. 



retardo, -are, to delay ingeniuin, -T, disposition 

enumero, -are, to enumerate bona, -orum, good qualities 

pro (w. abl.), consistently with furca, -ae, a pitchfork 

fortunam periclitari, to try usque, ever 

one's luck recurro, -ere, to return 

voces, -tim, speech Valerius, -I, Valerius 

sempiternus, -a, -urn, eternal scenicus, -T, a stage-player 

Yeniet tempus mortis et quidem celeriter, sive retardabis, 
sive properubis. Longum est, enumerare Hannibalis proelia. 



— 80 — 

Optimum erat nefarios istos homines vel civitate ejicere, vel 
capitis damnare. Aut non suscipi bellum oportuit, aut geri 
pro dignitate populi Romani. Caesar sine pugna rem conficere 
poterat; cur fortunam periclitaretur ? Sive vivimus, sive mo- 
rimur, Dei sumus. Si christiani sumus, utamur et moribus et 
vocibus christianis. Si Deus est, sempiternus est. In rebus 
prosperis superbiam arrogantiamque fugiamus. Suum quisque 
noscat ingenium acremque se et bonorum et vitiorum suorum 
judicem praebeat. Nullam virtutem Socratis magis quam 
patientiam laudaverim. Imitemur majores nostros; memineri- 
mus etiamadversus infimos justitiam esse servandam. Naturam 
expellas furca, tamen usque recurret. Nesciat manus dextra, 
quid faciat sinistra. Valerius cotidie cantabat; erat enim 
scenicus; quid faceret aliud? 



252. tandSm, pray 


quam, what 


pensum, -i, a task 


morosiis, -S,-um, cross 


absolvo, -ere, to finish 


sodalis, -, a schoolmate 


an, or 


edisco, -ere, to rehearse 


mand5, -arS, to order (with dat.) 


una, together 


lic£t, 1 am free 


recito, -are, to recite 


reliqua, -oriim, the rest 


flat, be it so 


deinde, then 


pgractus, -a, -una, finished 



Play. 

Philip. Come, Charles. 

Charles. Whither, pray? 

Ph. Into the garden; for we have read and written enough; 
let us play also. 

Ch. I will finish my task first (ante). 

Ph. Have you not finished it yet? 

Ch. Not yet the whole of it [every thing]. Or have you 
written and learned every thing which the teacher ordered us? 

Ph. Not every thing. 

Ch. Therefore we are not free yet to play. 

Ph. Why may we not (liceat)? I will write and learn the 
rest after play. 

Ch. But it is better to learn first, then play. 

Ph. What a cross schoolmate I have ! 



— 81 — 

Oh. I am not cross, but I wish to do the things which have 
been ordered. 

Ph. Well then, (ergo) let us rehearse together. I will recite 
to you, you to me. Then, when we [shall] know every thing, 
we will immediately hasten to (ad) play. 

Ch. Be it so, for finished labors are pleasant. 

253. Dependent Uses of the Subjunctive. 

Dependent Subjunctive Clauses may be classified as 
follows: 

Conjunctive Clauses introduced by Conjunctions, 
Relative Clauses " " Relatives, 

Indirect Questions " " Interrogative Words. 

Consecutive and Final Conjunctions. 

ut, that governs the Subjunctive: 

I. when it means that, in order that (often to be translated by 
the Infinitive with to, in order to) to express Purpose; its Negative 
is ne, that not, lest. 

esse oportet, ut vivas, non vi- you must eat to live, not live 

vere, ut edas to eat 

cura ne quid ei desit take care that nothing be want- 

ing to him. 

II. when it means so that (often rendered by to, so as to) to ex- 
press a Result. Its Negative is ut non, so that not. 

tanta vis probitatis est, ut earn so great is the power of upright- 
in hoste etiam diligaraus ness that ive love it even in 

an enemy 

ita vixi, ut non frustra me na- / have so lived that 1 do not 
turn esse existlmem think I was born in vain. 

III. when it means granted that to express a Concession; its 
Negative is ne. 

ut desint vires, tamen est lau- granted that straight be want- 
danda voluntas ing, yet the good will is to be 

praised 
ne sit summum malum dolor, granted that pain is not the 
malum certe est greatest evil, an evil it cer- 

tainly is. 



— 82 



ante actarum rerum accusare- 
tur neve multaretur 



neve, and not, is used as Continuative after ne, as: 

Thrasybulus legem tulit, ne quis Thrasybulus proposed a law 

that no one should be accused 
of or punished for past of- 
fences. 

After metuo, timeo, vereor, I fear, metiis est, periciilum 

est, there is fear, danger, ne must be rendered by that or lest, 
and lit by that not, as: 



Milo metuebat, ne a servis indi- 

caretur 
timeo, ut sustineas labores 



Milo feared that he would be 
betrayed by his servants 

I fear that you will not hold 
out under your toils. 

The prefix all- in aliquis and similar Compounds is rejected 
after Relatives and the following Conjunctions: 

si, if; nisi, if not; ne, lest; mim, whether; cuin, when. 

Hence we say in Final Clauses: 

ne quis, that no one ne quando, that never 

nG quid, that nothing ne quisquam, that no one at all 

necubi, that nowhere ne quidquam, that nothing at all 



litterae, -arum, written papers 
remitto, -ere, to slacken 
robustus, -a, 4m, stout 
Media, -ae, Media 
premo, -ere, to overcome 
commode, conveniently 
circumspicio, -ere, to 

around 
popiilaris, -e, popular 



judicium capitis, trial for life 
honestum, -1, honesty 
callidiis, -a, - iim, smart 
Xanthippe, -es, Xanthippe 
jurgiosus,~a, -um, quarrelsome 
maritus, -T, a husband 
look labores excipere, to take toils 
upon one's self 
sustineo, -ere, to hold out 



officio satisfacere, to discharge one's duty 

Plerisque accidit, ut praesidio litteraruni f:eti, diligentiam 
in ediscendo remittant. Mortem, ut numquani timeas, semper 
coglta. Exercentur pueri laboribus, ut ingenio validi et cor- 
p5re robusti evadant. Persarum reges voluptatis causa ita 
dividebant annum, ut hiemem Babylone, in Media aestatem 
agerent. Ursi per hiemem tarn gravi somno premuntur, ut ne 
vulneribus quidem excitentur. Dives est, cui tanta est pecu- 
nia, ut nihil optet amplius. Anseres graviores sunt corpore, 



— 83 — 

quam ut commode volare possint. Ut circumspiciamus omnia, 
quae populo grata atque jucimda sunt, nihil tarn populare 
quam pacem, quam concordiani reperiemus. Socrates ita in 
judicio capitis pro se ipse dixit, ut non reus, sed dominus esse 
videretur judicum. Avarus timet, ne bona sibi eripiantur. Si 
non ipso honesto movemur, ut boni viri simus, sed utilitate, 
callidi sumus, non boni. Socratis uxor Xanthippe morosa ad- 
modum fuit et jurgiosa, ita ut per diem et noctem marlto mo- 
lesta esset. Omnes labores te excipere video, timeo, ut susti- 
neas. Yeremur, ut officio nostro satisfacere posslmus. 

234. conslttis, -a, -urn, planted impero, -are, to rule, govern 

pomariiim, -I, an orchard stadium, -T, a race 

abdiico, -ere, to take contendo, -ere, to strive 

muniflcentia, -ae, bounty flexuosiis, -a, -urn, crooked 

grandis, -e, great iter, -ineris, a passage 

trado, -ere, to betray intro, -are, to enter 

imperliim, -I, rule perpetior, -T, to suffer patiently 

The clause of Purpose is often to be translated by the Infinitive with 
to, in order to, as: veni, ut viderem, I came to see (that I might see). 

The clause of Result is sometimes expressed in English by the 
Infinitive with to or so as to, as: nemo tarn bonus est, ut numquam 
peccet, no one is so good as never to sin. 

Atticus so lived that he was deservedly most dear to all the 
Athenians. Italy is so planted with trees that the whole of 
it appears an orchard. It happens, I know not how, that we 
see the faults of others more sharply than our own. The 
Romans took Cincinnatus from the plow that he might be 
dictator. Who is so wretched that he has not felt God's bounty? 
The fear at Rome was great that the Gauls would again come 
to Rome. Hannibal left Carthage through fear that he might 
be betrayed to the Romans. So great was Cato's diligence 
that he, when an old man, learned the Greek language. Mithri- 
dates had so learned the languages of 22 • nations which were 
under his rule, that he could speak without an interpreter 
with all [to] whom he governed. The physician feared that you 
would not recover from this disease. Parents send their chil- 
dren to school in order to learn something. He who runs a 



— 84 — 

race ought to strive to conquer. The organ of hearing has a 
crooked passage, that nothing may be able to enter. We often 
patiently suffer griefs that we may not fall into greater ones. 
I fear that you are not diligent enough. There is this common 
vice in great and free states that envy is the companion of glory. 

255. Consecutive and Final Conjunctions (continued). 

The Ablative quo (=ut eo, that thereby), in order that, 

so that, with the Subjunctive is used as a Conjunction 

in clauses of Purpose, especially with Comparatives, as: 

ager aratur, quo meliores fruc- the field is plowed that it may 
tus edere possit yield better fruit. 

quommus (= ut eo minus, that thereby the less), 

that not, with the Subjunctive is used with verbs of 

Hindering, such as: 

impedlrg, to hinder obstare, to be in the way 

deterrerS, to frighten off obsistSrS, to oppose 
prohiber6, to keep from recusarg, to refuse 

mors non deterret sapientem, death does not deter a wise man 
quominus in omne tempus rei from consulting the interest 
publicae consulat of the state the whole time. 

Instead of quommiis, we may use ne, and when the prin- 
cipal clause is negative, quin: 

Regulus ne sententiam diceret Regulus refused to pronounce 
recusavit an opinion. 

quin (=qul, how, and ne, not), that not, with the Sub- 
junctive is used only after negative clauses or such ques- 
tions as expect a negative answer. It is equivalent: 
to qui non, quod non, but, as: 

nemo est, quin hoc videat there is no one but sees this; 

to ut non, but, as not, as: 
nemo est tarn fortis, quin rei no one is so brave as not to be 
novitate perturbetur confounded by the newness 

of a thing, 



— 85 — 

quln is used in the sense of that not or that after Negative Ex- 
pressions implying doubt, omission and the like; such are: 

non dubito, / do not doubt 

non est dubium, there is no doubt 

quis dubitet ? who can doubt ? 

non multum abest, there is not much wanting 

nihil abest, there is nothing wanting 

nihUpraetermitto) /omtt notM 

nihil intermitto ) 

temperare mihi non possum, / cannot restrain myself 

vix me continSo, / hardly refrain from 

retineri non possum, / cannot be restrained 

facere non possum quin, / cannot help 

fieri non potest quin, it cannot happen but that 

quis dubitet, quin in virtiite di- who can doubt that wealth con- 

vitiae sint ? sists in virtue ? 

non multum afuit, quin intern" ce- / was not far from being 

rer killed. 



Concessive Conjunctions. 

Concessive Conjunctions express a Concession, with 
the general signification although, granting that. 

These are: etsi, Stiamsi, tametsi, quamquam, although 

quamvls (quantumvls), however much, however 
licet, ut, cum, though, suppose, whereas. 

Of these, licet (properly a verb) exclusively, and quamvis 
usually, take the Present or Perfect Subjunctive, as: 

licet superbus ambules pecunia, although you may strut about 
fortuna non mutat genus proud of your purse, fortune 

changes not birth 
vitia mentis, quamvis exigua defects of the mind, no matter 
sint. in majus excSdunt how slight they be, go on in- 

creasing. 

eihn, whereas, since; ut, granted that; ne, granted that not 
(see 253) take the Subjunctive. 

Phocion fuit perpetuo pauper, Phocion was constantly poor, 
cum divitissimus esse posset though he could be very rich. 



— 86 — 

etiamsi takes the Indicative to denote real concessions, and 
the Subjunctive to denote such as are merely conceived in the 
mind, as: 

ista Veritas, etiamsi jucunda non that truth, although it is not 
est, mihi tamen grata est agreeable, is nevertheless 

acceptable to me 

vita brevis est, etiamsi supra life is short, although it should 
centum annos duret last over 100 years. 

etsT, tametsi and quaniquam regularly take the Indicative 

(unless otherwise required by the structure of the sentence), ps: 

viri boni recte agunt, etsi nul- good men do right, though they 

lum consecuturum emolumen- see no profit about to result 
turn vident 

quamquam omnis virtus nos ad though all excellence attracts us 

se allicit, tamen justitia et to itself, yet justice and liber- 

liberalitas id maxime efficit ality do this most. 

The Conjunctions of Comparison 

tamquam, quasi (velut si, ut si, proinde ac si), as if, 

take the Subjunctive. 

The Tenses follow the general rule of Sequence 249; accord- 
ingly the Present and Perfect Subjunctive are sometimes used 
where the English idiom would suggest- the Imperfect, as: 

superbi saepe ita se gerunt, haughty people often behave so 
quasi ipsi soli sint homines as if they alone tvere men. 



investigo, -are, to find out evello, -ere, to pluck out 

cortex, -icis, bark calvitiiim, -I, baldness 

truncus, -I, the trunk of a tree maeror, -oris, sorrow 

obduco, -ere, to cover levo, -are, to lessen 

litterarum stfidia, literary studies officio, -ere, to hinder 

teneo, -ere, to keep up vixdum, hardly yet 

luctiis, -us, grief litteras dare, to send a letter 

titubo, -are, to stumble 

Notice the frequent use of the Plural in words denoting pheno- 
mena of nature, as: nives, snow; pluviae, rain; calores, heat; frl- 
gora, cold. 

Nihil tarn difficile est, quin quaerendo investigari possit. 
Natura cortice truncos obduxit, quo tutiores essent a frigoribus 



— 87 — 

et calorlbus. Senectus non impedit, quommus litterarum 
studia usque ad ultimum vitae tempus teneamus. Sic cogitan- 
dum est, quasi in pectus intlmum aliquis inspicere possit. 
Stultum est in luctu sibi capillum evellere, quasi calvitio mae- 
ror levetur. Demostheni non oflecit vittum linguae, quomtnus 
summus evaderet orator. Gravissimus morbus, ex quo vixdum 
convalui, mihi impedimento fuit, quommus ad te litteras da- 
rem. Quod turpe est, id quamvis occultetur, tamen honestum 
nullo modo fieri potest. Cavete, ne nientiammi; Deus enim 
omnia audit, etsi homines non audiant. Homo, quod crebro 
videt, non miratur, etiamsi, cur fiat nesciat. Socrates etsi 
omnium innocentissimus erat, tamen accusatus et damnatus 
est. Medici quamquam intellegunt saepe, tamen nunquam 
aegris dicunt, illo morbo eos esse morituros. Cave ne titubes ! 

256. instituo, -ere, to ordain cupid6, -Inis, greed 
locuples, -etis, wealthy sententiam dicere, to state one's 

conspectus, -us, a sight opinion 

nemo est, quin sciat j t] ] ere iS n ° ° m b f k 1 n ° WS; , 

( there is no one who does not know; 

non dubito, quin verum dixeris, I do not doubt tJiat you told the 

truth; 
non me impedles, quommus (ne, quin) id faciam, you will not 

prevent me from doing this; 
nullum intermisi diem, quin aliquid discerem, / have not allowed 

a day to pass without learning something. 

Nothing is found in the whole world that* has not been most 
wisely ordained by God. Xerxes did not doubt "at with his 
forces he would easily overcome the Greeks. There is no doubt 
that God rules the world. We never sin without our conscience 
reminding us. There is no doubt that all the bad are wretched. 
What hinders us from everywhere practising virtue ? The rain 
hinders us from walking. No one, however rich he may be, 
can do without the help of others. So live with men as if God 
saw you; so speak with God as if men heard you. There is 
nothing but God sees. We ought to live as if we lived in the 

* The words which illustrate the lesson are underlined. 



— 88 — 

sight of all men. A good man will not do what is base although 
it may bring him money. Although the Romans were the con- 
querors of almost the whole world, nevertheless their greed 
was not yet satisfied. Nothing will prevent a good man from 
stating freely his opinion. There is no man but knows that all 
things are ruled by God. What prevented you from coming ? 

257. Temporal Conjunctions. 

As a rule, Temporal Clauses take the Indicative; they 

are introduced by the following Conjunctions:' 
postquam, after that, after cum, when 

Gt > as dflm \ while, until 



ubi, when dOnSe 

S ! m *!* C A as soon as qnoM, up to 

simulatqug I quamdm, as long as 

fit primum ) the first moment antequam ) hefQre fJ . ft 

cum primum i that (see 247) priusquam) 

Temporal cflm, meaning when, at the time when, takes the In- 
dicative of all the tenses, as: 

ager cum multos annos quievit, when a field has rested many 
uberiores efferre fructus solet years, it usually produces a 

more abundant crop 

oracula Graeci consultant, cum the Greeks consulted the oracles 
bella erant inituri when they were to begin war. 

Historical cum, meaning when, as, takes the Imperfect and Pluper- 
fect Subjunctive. 

Agesilaus cum ex Aegypto re- Agesilaus died as he was re- 

verteretur, mortuus est turning from Egypt 

cum Caesar Aneonam occupas- when Caesar had occupied An- 

set, urbem reliquimus cona, we left the city. 

dum, quoad and donee (= quamdiu), .90 long as, while, take 
the Indicative of all the tenses; in narrative dum, while, takes the 
Present Indicative: 

dum spiro, spero while there's life, there's hope 

quoad potuit, restitit as long as he could, he withstood 

haec dum aguntur, domi res while this was going on, affairs 
quietae erant were quiet at home. 



89 — 



dum, qu5ad, donee, until, take the Present, Perfect and Future 
Perfect Indicative when a fact is to be expressed, as: 

haud desinam, donee perfecSro / will not cease, until I shall 

have accomplished. 

dum, quflad, until, implying purpose, doubt or futurity, take 
the Subjunctive: 

Alexander panlisper exercitum Alexander ordered the army to 
consistere jussit, donee consi- halt a short time until the 
dSret pulvis dust should be down. 

antequam and priusquam, before, have in narration the same 
construction as historical cum or postquam, viz. either the Sub- 
junctive of the Imperfect and Pluperfect, or the Perfect Indicative, as: 



Achaei non ante ausi sunt hel- 
ium capessere quam ab Roma 
revertissent legati 

antgquam bellum urbis nostrae 
opes absumpsit, potentissima 
fuit 



the Achaeans did not dare to 
begin the war before the am- 
bassadors had returned from 
Rome 

before war consumed the wealth 
of our city it was very pow- 
erful. 



In reference to future Time, these conjunctions take the Present 
and Future Perfect Indicative, also the Present Subjunctive, as : 

tempestas minatur, antSquam the storm threatens before it 

surgat rises 

ante revertar quam luna bis im- / loill return before the moon 

pieverit orbem has twice filled her orb. 



nex, nScis, a violent death 
exanimis, -e, lifeless 
aliquamdiu, some time 
domum referre, to carry home 
infesto, -are, to infest 
contumacia, -ae, boldness 
recedo, -ere, to depart 
devolo, -are, to flee away 



suggestion, -1, a platform 
consists, -ere, to stand 
concionor, -ari, to harangue 
imbecillus, -a, -um, feeble 
splendeo, -ere, to be bright 
aurora, -ae, the morning sun 
abundantia, -ae, overflow 
fertilitas," -atis, fertility 



Caesar post necem exanimis aliquamdiu jacuit, donee eum 
tres servi domum retulerunt. Membris utimur, priusquam 
didicimus, cujus utilitatis causa ea habeamus. Cum Alexander 
piratam interrogasset, quo jure mare infestaret, ille libera 



— 90 — 

contumacia, "eodem" inquit "quotu orbeni terrarum; sedquia 
id ego exigiio navigio facio, latro vocor; tu, quia magna classe 
et exercitu, imperator." Ut hirundmes aestlvo tempore praesto 
sunt, frigore pulsae recedunt, ita falsi amici sereno vitae tem- 
pore praesto sunt; simulatque hiemem forttinae viclerint, de- 
volant omnes. Dionysius major, cum in communibus suggestis 
consistere non auderet, concionari ex turri alta solebat. La- 
bora dum potes, ut, cum imbecillus eris, quiescas. Tempestas 
minatur, antequam s,urgat; crepant aedificia, antequam cor- 
ruant. Lacedaemoniorum gens fortis fuit, dum Lycurgi leges 
vigebant. - Portfma vitrea est; turn cum splendet, frangitur. 
Dum aurora fulget, flores colligite. Cum Nilus suam aquarum 
abundantiam cohibuit, Aegyptii frustra agrorum fertilitatem 
sperant. 

258. recta consilla, good advice si libet, if he likes 

consido, -ere, to alight descendo, -ere, to come down 

stigo, -ere, to suck ■ quaestor, -oris, a quaestor 

Mjoidiis, -I, Myndus Archimedes, -is, Archimedes 

egredior, -I, to move out Syria, -ae, Syria 

pridie quam, the day before BItliyma, -ae, Bithynia 

insiclior, -arT (with dat.), to pursue 

When we are in good health, we easily give good advice to 
the sick. After bees have alighted on (in) flowers they suck 
honey from (ex) them. When Diogenes saw the splendid gates 
of the little city of Myndus he said to the townspeople: "Shut 
your gates lest your city move out." We see the lightning 
before we hear (Subj.) the thunder. The day before I came to 
London, my brother had departed for America. While fools 
avoid faults, they run into contrary ones. When the Roman 
ambassadors said to Ariovistus, chief of the Germans, "Come 
to Caesar" he replied: " Who is that Caesar? If he likes let 
him (ipse) come to me." The Gauls came down into Italy two 
hundred years before they took Rome. Let boys be silent 
when wiser people speak. When Cicero was quaestor in Sicily, 
he discovered the tomb of Archimedes. When Hannibal was 
compelled to leave Carthage, he fled at first to Antiochus, 
king of Syria, afterwards to Prusias, king of Bithynia. As the 
Romans pursued him here also he killed himself with poison. 



— 91 — 

259. Causal Conjunctions. 

1. The following Causal Conjunctions take the In- 
dicative: 
quia)* quoniam ) since inas 

quod 66 " 1 "* 6 quandoquidem I mu ' chas 

^ slquidem ) 

quoniam jam nox est, in vestra since it is now night, go to your 

tecta discedite houses 

quia nattira mutari non potest, because nature cannot change, 

idcirco verae amicitiae aeter- therefore true friendships 

nae sunt are everlasting. 

The Subjunctive is used in causal clauses when a statement is 
made not as a fact, but as the assertion or opinion of some one 
else, as: 

Socrates accusatus est, quod Socrates was brought to trial 
corrumperet juventutem because (as they said) he cor- 

rupted youth. 

After those verbs which express the feeling of joy, grief, etc., 
as: gaudere, to rejoice, gratiam agere, to thank, dolere, to pain, 
glorlari, to boast, quod is used to give the ground of emotion, as: 

quod scribis, gaudeo lam glad that you write 

tibi gratias ago, quod me omni / thank you that you free me 
molestia liberas from all trouble. 

quod, that, is also used to introduce explanatory clauses, chiefly 
after a Demonstrative: 

bene facis, quod me adjuvas you do well in assisting me 

quod Regulus rediit mihi mira- that Regulus returned seems 
bile vidstur wonderful to me. 

At the beginning of a sentence, quod is used in the sense of as 
to, especially in letters, as: 

quod de domo scribis. ., as to what you write of the house. . 

non quod, non quo, not as if, and non quiii, not as if not, 
take the Subjunctive, as: 

pugiles ingemiscunt, non quod boxers groan not as if they 
doleant, sed quod omne cor- were in pain, but because all 
pus intendltur the body is put to the stretch. 



— 92 



2. Causal cum, as, since, takes the Subjunctive. 

cum vita sine amlcis insidiarum since life without friends is full 
et metus plena sit, ratio ipsa of treachery and fear, reason 
monet amicitias comparare itself advises us to contract 

friendships. 



mini est cum aliquo, / have to Persis, -idis, Persia 

do with one pgto, ^ere, to attack 

attingo, -ere, to set foot on Indi, -orum, the Indians 

vastus, -&, -urn, vast pSciis, -oris, cattle 

alienigena, -ae, a stranger porrlgo, -erg, to stretch out 

persequor, -I, to hunt down deniqug, in fine; sin, but if 

Scythae et Alexander Magnus. 

Ubi ad fines Scytharum pervenit Alexander, unus ex eorum 
legatis haec inter alia multa dixit: 

Quid nobis tecum est ? Nunquam terram tuam attiglmus. 
Annon licet nobis, qui in vastis silvis vivtmus, ignorare quis 
sis, et unde venias ? Nee servlre ulli possumus, nee imperare 
desideramus. Major fortiorque es fortasse quam quisquam, 
tamen alienigenam dominum pati nemo vult. Tu, qui te glo- 
riaris ad latrones persequendos venisse, ipse omnium gentium 
latro es. Lydiam cepisti, Syriam occupasti, Persldem tenes, 
Indos petisti, jam etiam ad pecora nostra avaras manus porri- 
gis. Quid tibi divitiis opus est, quae te esurire cogunt, ita ut 
quo plura habes, eo acrms cupias, quae non habes ? Denique, 
si Deus es, tribuere mortalibus beneficia debes, non sua eri- 
pere; sin homo es, id quod es, semper esse te hominem cogita. 

260* dgsmo, -ere, to cease rSdimo, -Sre, to redeem 

quae, those things which vSnum do, -Sre, to sell 

Zopyriis, -I, Zopyrus vigTlantia, -ae, vigilance 

bello captiis, -I, a captive euro, -are, to care for 

He who forsakes you has never been your friend, because 
true friendship never ceases. Since the soul of man is im- 
mortal, it can in no manner perish. Those things which are 
to be done, do to-day, since the morrow is uncertain. There 
are many crimes which bad men do not commit, because they 
fear that they may be punished. Upright men practice virtue 



— 93 — 

although they do not expect reward. Why shall I hear words 
since I see the deeds? Zopyrus was laughed' at by the others, 
because he blamed vices in Socrates which the latter had not. 
Many comets we do not see, because they are obscured by the 
rays of the sun. Men wonder at eclipses of the sun because 
they happen rarely, and they wonder at eclipses of the sun more 
than of the moon since the latter are more frequent. There 
was an immense number of captives whom Hannibal sold, since 
they were not redeemed by their friends. No one loves his 
country because it is great, but because it is his own. Cicero 
was called the father of his country, because by his prudence 
and vigilance the conspiracy of Catiline had been detected. 
We are wont to care less for what is present than for what is 
to be, because what is present we see with our eyes, but we do 
not know what will be. 

261. Conditional Conjunctions. 

In a Conditional Sentence the clause containing the 
condition is called the Protasis, and that containing 
the conclusion the Apodosis. 
Protasis, si bovem non possis, if you cannot drive an ox, 
Apodosis. asinum agas drive a donkey. 

The Protasis is regularly introduced by the conditional particle 
si, if or one of its compounds, viz: 

nisi, unless sin, if not, but if 

si non, if not quodsi, but if 

There are Three Classes of Conditional Sentences: 

I. The condition is represented as a fact: si with the Indicative 
in both clauses: 

si Deus est, aeternus est if there is a God, he is eternal. 

II. The condition is represented as possible or likely to be real- 
ized: si with Present or Perfect Subjunctive: 

si quis ita agat, imprtidens sit if anybody were to act thus, he 

would not be ivise. 

III. The condition is represented as contrary to fact: si with 
Imperfect or Pluperfect Subjunctive: 

facSrem, si possem I should do it if I could. 



— 94 — 



nisi and si non are used for negative conditions; with nisi 
the negative belongs to the whole sentence, with si non to a parti- 
cular word, as: 

nisi id confestim facis, te tradam 
magistratui 



dolorem si non potero frangere, 
occultabo 



unless you do this at once I 
shall deliver you to the ma- 
gistrate 

if I shall not be able to over- 
come sorrow, I will conceal it. 



The Subjunctive is used in Conditional Wishes with; 

dummodo ) dummodo ne 

dum ' >- if only, provided dum ne 
modo ; modo ne ) 



I provided only 



oderint, dum metuant 
Athenienses summas laudes me- 
rentur, dummodo ne tarn leves 



let them hate if they only fear 
the Athenians deserve the high- 
est praise if only they had 
not been so wanton. 



fuissent 
si modo, if only, provided that, requires the Indicative. 



claudico, -are, to limp 
deservio, -ire, to be devoted 
injuria, -ae, an outrage 
repello, -ere, to ward off 
bellicosiis, -a, -urn, warlike 
abscindo, -ere, to cut off 
diinidnis, -a, -iim, half 
concedo, -ere, to yield up 



nuttis, -us, a nod; ad nutiim, 

at pleasure 
aura, -ae, a breeze 
incolumem servare, to keep safe 
reporto, -are, to carry back 
acervxis, -I, a heap 
portiO, -onis, a share 
suaviter, quietly 

Si juxta claudum habites, claudicare disces. Sunt qui 
quidvis perpetiantur, culvis deserviant, dum quod velint con- 
sequantur. Galli omnes aequo animo belli patiuntur injurias, 
dummodo repellant injuriam servittitis. Si bellicosis gentibus 
arma eripiuntur, hoc aeque ab iis accipitur, ac si manus eis 
abscinderentur. Rusticus quondam fundum a Jove conduxit 
hac condicione, ut Jovi dimidiam partem fructuum concederet, 
si deus omnia ad ipslus nutum faceret: plueret, serenum cae- 
lum faceret, auras mitteret. Nulla alia de causa leges sunt 
inventae, nisi ut cives incolumes servarentur. Quidquid auri 
supra et infra terrain est, nulllus pretii est, si cum virtute 
comparetur. Si in unum locum cuncti mala sua contulissent, 



— 95 

quisque propria domum reportare mallet, quam ex communi 
miseriarum acervo portionem suam accipere. Memoria minui- 
tur, nisi earn exerceas. Innocens, si accusatus est, absolvi 
potest; nocens, nisi accusatus fuerit, condemnari non potest. 
Si possis, suaviter; si non, quocunque modo. Si vis pacem, 
para bellum. 

262. tego, -ere, to shelter veneror, -ari, to respect 

par fun desiderare aliquid, to care prave facta, -orum, evil deeds 

little for something judicem esse de aliquo, to sit in 
rectus, -a, -um, virtuous judgment on some one 

potentia, -ae, power prope lit, almost like 

equitans, -tis, on horseback exerceo, -ere, to use 

adhinnio, -ire, to neigh to contero, -ere, to wear out 

peritus, -a, -um, expert; peri- rubigS, -inis, rust 

tidr, a better judge Zeuxis, -, Zeuxis 

institiio, -ere, to train alloqui, otherwise 

Provided we are sheltered and clothed against the storm, 
we care little for ornament. Many neglect every thing honor- 
able and virtuous provided they attain power. Physicians, if 
they could cure all diseases, would be very happy. Apelles, 
a very illustrious painter, had painted Alexander the Great on 
horseback. The king praised the likeness less than it deserved. 
But when Alexander's horse neighed to the painted horse as 
if it were a real steed, l c Your horse, O king, " said Apelles, ' i ap- 
pears to be a better judge of the art of painting than you are." 
Scholars, if only (si modo) they are well trained, love and re- 
spect their teacher. Would that men could do right as easily as 
blame evil deeds; we should be all happier. A good man will 
do nothing against his oath, not even if he shall sit in judg- 
ment on his very friend. The human body is almost like iron; 
if you use (subj.) iron, it is worn out; if you do not use it, never- 
theless rust consumes it. You will be sad, if you are alone. If 
the masters of the houses are not at home ? danger more easily 
threatens [to] the houses. Zeuxis, the most celebrated of 
painters, had painted a boy carrying grapes. A bird tried to 
eat the grapes. Then Zeuxis said: "I painted the grapes 
better than the boy; otherwise the bird would have feared 
the boy." 



— 96 — 

263. Relative Clauses with the Subjunctive. 

As a rule, the Relative Clause is in the Indicative 
when a definite fact is stated: 

planta, quae saepius transfertur, a tree often transplanted does 
non coalescit not thrive. 

The Subjunctive is used in Relative Clauses: 

I. to denote purpose or motive; qui =iit egS, tit tu, tit is, etc 

missi sunt delecti cum Leonida, picked men were sent with 
qui Thermopylas occuparent Leonidas to take possession 

of TJiermopylae. 

II. to denote the cause, on account of which or the hindrance in 
spite of which; qui = cum eg5, cum tu ? cfim Is, etc. (often with 
ut, utpot§, as; quippS, namely). 

o virum simplicem, qui nos nihil guileless man who hides 
celet! nothing from us! 

III. to denote result or to indicate a characteristic of the ante- 
cedent, sometimes in a restrictive sense, as: 

non is sum, qui hoc faciam / am not such a one as to do this 

orationes Catonis, quas quidem Cato's speeches as far as I read 
legerim them. 

The construction of the Consecutive or Characteristic Relative is 
especially common: 

a. after is, talis, ejusmodi, tantus, tarn with an Adjective 
or Adverb, soltls and unus: 

est innocentia affectio talis animi, quae noceat nemini, innocence 
is such a quality of mind as to do harm to no one. 

b. after general expressions of existence and non-existence, as: 

est qui ) there is, there are habeo quod, / have to 

sunt qui ) some who reperiuntur qui, persons are 

nemo est qui, there is none to found who 

nihil est quod, there is nothing 

sunt qui censeant una animum cum corpore interire, there are 
some who believe that the soul perishes together with the body. 

c. after dignus, indigniis, ldoneiis, aptus: 

indignus es, cui fides habeatur, you are unworthy of being believed. 



— 97 — 

A clause connected to another by a Relative, takes the Subjunc- 
tive, when it contains not the sentiment of the writer but of some 
other person alluded to, as: 

Paetus omnes libros, quos frater Paetus presented to me all the 
suus reliquisset, mihi donavit books that his brother had left. 

Comparatives may be followed by quam ut, quam qui, with the 
Subjunctive, corresponding to the English too.. to, as: 

damna majora sunt quam quae the losses are too great to be 
aestimari possint estimated. 



administrate, -onis, government curi&, -ae, the senate house 

pedisequS, -ae, a waiting maid doctor, -oris, a teacher 

Caninltis, -I, Caninius, consul accio, -ire, to call in 

only one day ago, -ere, to act 

consulates, -us, consulship fama et fides, reputation and 

inusitatae luxuriae esse, to be credit 

given to uncommon luxury abstinentia, -ae, moderation 

aviditas, -atis, eagerness cognomme appeliare, to surname 

Si quid est, quod nee voluptatem sentiat nee dolorem, id 
animal esse non potest. Administrate mundi nihil habet in 
se, quod reprehendi possit. Si voles divitias cum virtute com- 
parare, vix satis idoneae videbuntur divitiae, quae virtutis pe- 
disequae sint. Caninius fuit mirifica vigilantia, qui suo toto 
consulatu somnum non viderit. Nero inusitatae luxuriae fuit, 
ut qui retibus aureis piscaretur. Catonis aviditas legendi sa- 
tiari non poterat, ut qui in ipsa curia soleret legere. Philippus 
rex Aristotelem Alexandro filio doctorem acclvit, a quo ille 
et agendi acciperet praecepta et loquendi. Famae ac fidei 
damna majora sunt, quam quae aestimari possint. Nemo om- 
nium est, quern ego nunc magis cupiam videre quam te. Inven- 
tae sunt leges, quae cum omnibus una atque eadem voce loque- 
rentur. Omnibus temporibus pauciores homines reperti sunt, 
qui suas cupiditates quam hosttum copias vincerent. Quam- 
quam adeo excellebat AristTdes abstinentia, ut unus, quern qui- 
dem nos audiverimus, cognomme Justus sit appellatus, tamen 
exsilio decern annorum multatus est. 



— 98 — 

264. non satis dignus sum, qui . . mollio, -ire, to assuage 
I do not deserve to rgspicere ad, to look to 

repSrio, -ire, to devise latebra, -ae, a lurking place 

indico, -are, to reveal profundo, -ere, to give up 

debilito, -are, to weaken arclenter, ardently 

abusus, -us, abuse sonmio, -are, to dream 

noxiiis, -a, -um, hurtful saeculum, -I, a generation 

longinquitas, -atis, length discessus, -us, a departure 

You may read a good book again and again; but many 
books do not deserve to be read a second time. Words were 
devised nqt to conceal but to reveal truth. There is no speed 
which can be compared with the speed of the mind. No force 
is so great that it cannot be weakened. Nothing is so useful 
that it cannot become hurtful by abuse. There, is no grief 
which length of time may not diminish and assuage. There is 
nothing which God cannot accomplish and indeed without any 
labor. Pleasure is not worthy [to which a wise man should 
look] of a wise man's regard. What lurking place is there into 
which the fear of death may not enter! There have been many 
found who were ready to give up not only their money but 
even life for their country. There are some who seek money 
more ardently than learning. There is no one who hates him- 
self. There is hardly (nulla fere) a night during which (qua) 
we may not dream. The old man plants trees [which may] to 
benefit the next (alter) generation. There are some who think 
that death is the departure of the soul from the body. 

265. Direct Questions. 

Questions in Latin are introduced by Interrogative 
Pronouns, Adverbs or Particles. 

Interrogative Pronouns, 
quis ? quid ? who? what? quisnam ? quidnam ? who, what pray? 
qui ? quae ? quod ? which? 
uter ? utra ? iitriim ? which of the two? 
qualis ? quale ? of what kind? 
quantiis ? quanta ? quantum ? how great? 
quotus ? quota ? quStum ? what? (in number or order) 
quotusquisque ? quotaquaeque ? quotumquodque ? how few? 
quot ? how many? 



— 99 — 

Interrogative Adverbs. 

iibi? where? ubmam? where pray? 

unde? whence? undenam ? whence pray? 

quo ? whither? quonam ? whither pray? 

qua? where? which way? quanam ? which way pray? 

quando? when? quamdiu? ) hQW , ? 

quotiens ? how often? quousque? f 

quomodo ? ) j iQW 9 quam ? (only before Adjectives 

quemadmodum ? ) and Adverbs) how? how much ? 

cur ? \ quantopere ? (only before Verbs) 

quare ? 77^ h° w greatly? how much? 

quam 6b rem ? f wlx ^ ? what f or? qu idni ? why not? 

quid ? J cur non ? why not? 

The Interrogative Particles are: 

ne, num, nonne, iitrum, &n. 

Of these ne asks merely for information; it cannot stand by 
itself, but is joined to any emphatic word, usually the verb, which 
then comes first in the sentence; it is not translated, as: 

omnisne pecunia debita soluta est? is all the money owing paid? 

When a negative answer is expected, num is used, which stands 
at the beginning of the sentence and is likewise not translated, as: 
num vespertillo avis est ? Is the bat a bird? 

With non ne forms a special interrogative particle nonne, 
not; the answer expected is yeSj as: 
nonne lectio hujus libri te de- does not the perusal of this 
lectat? book delight you? 

Double or Alternative questions have the following 

forms : 

utrum, whether. . 



an, 


or. 


an 


a 


an 


a ^ 



utrum domi fuisti an m schola ? ) , , . 7 

-, . .... . 110 f have you been at home or 

domine fuisti an in schola ? > * . , , « 

-, . c . . . , , i in school? 

domi fuisti an in schola ? ) 

Sometimes the first part of an alternative question is omitted or 
implied and an alone asks a question, as: 

an nescis regibus longas esse or perhaps do you not know 
manus? that kings have long arms? 



100 



In direct questions or not is annon; in indirect necne. 
utrum domi fuisti annon ? have you been at home or not? 

Question and Answer. 

In answering a question the emphatic word is generally re- 
peated, as: 
vidistme eum ? did you see him? vidi, yes, I did. 
solusne venisti ? did you come alone? non solus, no, I did not 

The following Responsives are also used in answer to a direct 
question: 



yes 

ita, so ' 

ita est, so it is 

ita v6ro est, so it is indeed 

sane, of course 

sang quidem, yes, indeed 

6tiam, even so 



no 

non ita, no, not so 
minime, by no means- 
minlme vSro, by no means in- 
deed 
nihil minus, nothing less so 
neutiquam, not at all 



v6ro, truly, in truth 

immo, as a negative, substitutes something stronger in the place 
of a previous statement, as: 

causa igitur non bona est ? Im- 
mo optima 

num ille tibi familiaris est ? Im- 
mo alienissimus 



the cause, then, is a bad one? 

Nay, it is an excellent one 
is he a friend of yours? On tlw 

contrary, a perfect stranger. 



festino, - are, to make haste 
lentiis, -a, -urn, slow 
Albertus, -I, Albert 
clamo, -are, to cry out 
Bruno, -onis, Bruno 
Ludovlcus, -I, Lewis 
gradtis, -us, a step, pace 
destillo, -are, to trickle 

Festlna lente. 
Albertns. Quis clamat ? 
Bruno. Parvus Ludovlcus clamat. 
A. Quid clamas, Ludovlce ? 
L. De gradibus decidi. 
A. Quid laesum est ? 
L. Nasus et irons; e naso sangiiis destillat 



porrigo, -ere, to hand 
linteum, -I, a cloth 
accede, come here 
tuber, -is, a lump 
frustum, -I, a piece 
acStum, -l, vinegar 
in posterum, in future 
nimiiim, too much, too fast 



— 101 — 

A. Tace, nihil est, quod timeas; frigidam quis mihi pom- 
gat aquam et linteum. Accede, abliiam te. 

B. Tuber habet in fronte. 

A. Lintei frustum pete, idemque aceto tinge, id imponemus. 
Tibi vero quotiens dixi, ne nimium curreres; si lento gradu 
incessisses, certe non esses lapsus. In posterum cautius in- 
gredere; serva memoria diligenter hoc praeceptum: Festina 
lente. 

L. Fiet. 

266. commSdo, -are, to lend exardescS, -ere, to break out 
Of the Demonstrative hie the interrogative form with nS is: 

hicine, haecinS, hoeing; as: 
hicine liber tuus est ? is this your book? 

Who was more eloquent than Demosthenes? What is 
sweeter than honey ? To whom have you lent your book ? 
How many years did Alexander the Great reign ? Of what 
parts does man consist ? In what year did the first Punic war 
break out ? Are they worthy of life who do nothing praise- 
worthy ? Is each one the happier, the richer he is ? Are they 
all cowards who are taken in battle? Did the Athenians do 
right in driving [that they drove] Aristides from the state? 
Is the mind immortal, or will it perish together with the 
body? Are you laughing or crying? Is anything (quid) more 
excellent than virtue ? Nothing in truth. Is this your house ? 
Yes. Is the world governed by the providence of God or by 
chance ? Does wisdom alone make us happy Or not ? Do not 
men often despise the better ? Did you read the book which 
I sent you the other day ? No, I did not. Do we not owe the 
greatest thanks to our parents? Certainly. Did you write 
this letter or your brother ? 

267. Indirect Questions. 

The Subjunctive is used in such questions as are 
dependent upon some word in the former part of 
the sentence (Indirect Questions). 



— 102 — 

The words: 

ubi fuisti? where have you been? 

are a Direct Question, with the verb in the Indicative; in the sentence: 

die inilii ubi fueris, tell m.e where you have been, 

the same words are an Indirect Question, and the dependent verb is in 
the Subjunctive Mood. 

qualis sit animus ipse animus the mind itself knows not what 

nescit the mind is 

quis ego sim me rogitas ? do you ask me who lam? 

Indirect Questions have the same particles as the direct, uum and 
ne corresponding to whether m English; si, if is used for whether 
after tentare, experiri, to try and exspectare, to expect. 

Epaminondas quaesivit salvusne Epaminondas asked whether 
esset clipeus his shield was safe 

palfidem si nostri transirent the enemy were waiting (to see) 
hostes exspectabant whether our men would cross 

the swamp. 

Indirect Disjunctive Questions, 

quaero utrum verum an falsum sit \ 

quaero verumne an falsum sit I / ask whether it is true 

quaero verum an falsum sit [ or false 

quaero verum falsumne sit J 

When the interrogative particle is omitted in the first member, 
ne may stand in the second, but only in Indirect Questions. 

or not in Indirect Questions is necne, as: dii utrum sint, necne 
sint, quaeritur, the question is tuhether there are gods or j not. 



perspicuus, -a, -urn, plain Areopagus, -1, the Areopagus 

Fabrieius, -I, Fabricius inquiro, -ere, to inquire 

impeilo, -ere, to drive insanus, -1, a madman 

sanctissimum consilium, the sov- tisurpo, -are, to usurp 

ereign tribunal piscator, -oris, an angler 

Quis hunc librum legit? Die, quis hunc librum legerit. 
Egebatne amicus tuus ? Immo locuples erat. Nonne perspi- 
ciium est, universum hunc mundum a Deo gubernari ? Infelix 
est Fabricius, quod rus suum ipse fodit ? Utrum ea vestra an 
nostra culpa est ? Vix dici potest, quot quantisque periculis 



— 103 — 

vita humana circumdata sit. Judices reos interrogare solent, 
quibus causis ad ea scelera, quorum accusantur, impulsi sint. 
Areopagus, sanctissimum Athenarum consilium, diligentissime 
inquirere solebat, quid quisque civium ageret. Nescis, insane, 
nescis, quantas vires virtus habeat; nomen tantum virtutis 
usurpas; quid ipsa valeat, ignoras. Cogitato, quam longa sit 
hiems. An dives sit, omnes quaerunt, nemo an bonus. Num 
piscatorem piscis amare potest? Non intellegunt homines, 
quam magnum vectigal parsimonla sit. Num tarn stultus es, ut 
liaec omnia casu facta esse existlmes ? Nonne canis lupo simflis 
est ? Puer patrem interrogat, num canes lupis similes sint. 

268. nihil interest, it makes no sUeo, -ere, to be silent 
difference exspecto, -are, to look for 

Xenocrates, -is, Xenocrates quaerMr, the question is 
de industria, on purpose 

It is uncertain how long the life of each of us will be. If 
we are thirsty it makes no difference whether it be water 
or wine toe drink, nor does it matter whether it be a golden 
cup or a glass one tve use, or the hollow of the hand. Xenocra- 
tes, when he was asked why he was almost always silent, re- 
plied: Because I have been sorry sometimes for having spo- 
ken, for having been silent never. Thales, being asked what 
was most common to men, replied: Hope, for even they have 
that who have nothing else. It is often not even useful to know 
[what there will be] the future. It is uncertain in what place 
death is looking for you: therefore, look you for it in every 
place. Is there one world or several (plures) ? The question is 
whether there is one world or several. Bring me back word 
whether your brother is at home. Which of you is the older? 
I do not know which of you is the older. Were you in school 
yesterday? Tell me were you in school yesterday. I was. 
Why did you not come to me ? Tell me why you did not come 
to me. Will the physician ask a sick person whether he will 
be healed? Tell me does it hail in summer or in winter? 
Whether or not wisdom makes men happy is a question. It 
makes great difference whether an injury was done by chance 
or on purpose. 



— 104 — 

269. The Imperative. 

The Imperative is used to express a command, wish, 

advice or exhortation. 

The Present Imperative denotes that an action is to be performed 
at once, or to be continued if actually being performed, as: 

si quid in te peceavi, ignosce if I have sinned against you, 

forgive me 
justitiam cole et pietatem cultivate justice and piety. 

The Future Imperative is used where there is a direct reference to 
future time; it corresponds to the imperative use of the English 
Future with shall or to the Imperative let, and is properly used in 
general directions, laws, statutes and wills, as: 

regio imperlo duo sunto, consu- there shall be two officers with 
les appellantor royal power, they shall be 

called consuls. 

The regular negative of the Imperative is ne, which is, how- 
ever, in classical Latin only found with the Future Imperative, as: 
homlnem mortuum, inquit lex, thou shalt not bury a dead man 
in urbe ne sepellto in the city, says the law. 

Instead of the Negative Imperative the following forms of the 
Subjunctive with ne are usually employed: 

the second person of the Perfect Subjunctive, as: 
hoc ne feceris, that leave undone; 

the third person of the Present Subjunctive: 

puer telum ne habSat, a boy is not to have a weapon. 

Instead of the Simple Imperative several Imperative Phrases are 
common: 

cura ut, take care that \ 

fac lit, cause that > each with the Subjunctive, 
fac, do ) 

cura ut quam primum venias, come as soon as possible; 
valetudinem tuam fac ut cures, take care of your health. 

cave ne, beware lest j each ^ the SttbjunctiTe . 

cave, beware ) 

noli, be unwilling, with the Infinitive. 

cave festines, do not be in a hurry; cave existimes, do not think; 
noli me tangere, do not touch me; noli putare, do not suppose. 



105 



obsecro, -ar€, to beseech 
pSpularis, -, a fellow country- 
man 
specto, -are, to look to 
regius, -a, -urn, kingly 
succurro, -ere, to succor 
despgro, -are, to despair 
par pari referre, to return like 

for like 
cubitu surgere, to rise from bed 



cubltum TrS, to go to bed 

urgens, -tis, pressing 

amicus comparare, to make 
friends 

repudio, -are, to cast off 

animum demittere, to be dis- 
heartened 

respicere finem, to keep the 
goal in view 

male gerere, to manage badly 



proxlmiis bonis, next best 

Obsecro, populares, ferte misero atque innocenti auxilium, 
subvenlte inopi. Loca, quae diu fuerunt conclusa, ne subito 
intra. Mentem hommis spectato, non frontem. Regia, crede 
mihi, res est succurrere lapsis. Nemo desperet; Deus unicui- 
que dabit, quod ei plurimum proderit. E duobus malis ellge 
minus, e duobus vitiis neutrum. Si offensus fueris a quopiam, 
noli par pari referre. Bonus paterfamilias primus cubitu sur- 
gat, postremus cubltum eat. Nemmi onus imponas, quod ipse 
ferre nequeas. Rem urgentem ne differas in crastinum diem. 
Amlcos tibi compara; eos vero, quos tibi comparaveris, ne 
statim repudia. Ne in summo quidem periculo demittite am- 
nios. Fide, sed cui Adas, vide. Yictor parcat hostibus. Quid- 
quid ages, prudenter agas, et respice finem. Dextra gerat gla- 
dium, manus altera monstret pacem. Ne verbis defendas, quae 
male gessisti. ProxTmus esto bonis, si non potes optimus esse. 
Qui dare vult aliis, ne dixerit: Yultisne? Imitare formicam, 
quae etlam noctu operator. Noli oblivisci, mi fili, quantum pa- 
rentibus et praeceptoribus debeas. Caveat emptor ! Ignem 
igni ne addas! 



270. diligenter, diligently Pergamgniis, -I, a Pergamean 

bene" mane, right early in the parentum loco, in place of your 

morning parents 

irrideo, -ere, to mock spScies, -el, a show 

Diligently take care of your health. Pray and work. 
[Take care that you] do not fall. Get up, boys, right early 



— 106 — 

in the morning. Know thyself ! Learn or depart ! Do not 
sing of triumph before victory. Let there be a sound mind in a 
sound body. Take care, scholars, that you show yourselves 
attentive. Before old age take care that you live well, in old 
age that you die well. If you want to be loved, love. Mock 
not an unhappy person ! Hurt not your friend even in joke. 
Thou shalt not kill. Do not answer, boy, unless you [shall] 
have been asked. Philip, king of the Macedonians, used to 
say: Fight with silver weapons, and you will conquer every 
thing. Attalus, king of the Pergameans, left this will: "The 
Roman people shall be the heir of my goods." Do not cul- 
tivate a barren field. Let the other side also (et) be heard. 
A good book you should read a second time. Reverence God, 
reverence your parents and those whom nature has given you 
in place of your parents. Do not admire all things which 
have a show of glory. Let us imitate the example of Christ 
who blessed [to] his very enemies. 

271. The Infinitive. 

The Infinitive is not limited to a particular number 
or person, as the ordinary verbal forms, but is really 
a Verbal Noun. 

The Infinitive governs the case of its verb, and is modified by 
adverbs and not by adjectives, as: 

legere librum, the reading of a book; 

diligenter legere librum, the careful reading of a book. 

The Infinitive may be used as the Subject of a verb. 

As such it is chiefly found with esse and impersonal verbs : 
nunquam est utile peccare to do wrong is never useful 

interest omnium recte facere it is the interest of all to do right. 

When the verb esse, to be (or others of similar meaning, see 
203, 3) with an Adjective or Noun is used as the Subject of the sen- 
tence, such Adjective or Noun is put in the Accusative. 

senem ante tempus fieri mise- it is miserable to grow old be- 
rum est fore the time. 



— lot — 
The Infinitive is used as the Object of Verbs. 

Such are verbs denoting: 
to be able, must, dare, posse, debere, audere 
to begin, continue, cease, incipere, pergere, desinere 
to be accustomed, learn, knoiv how, assuescere, discere, scire 
to wish, desire, resolve, velle, cup ere, statuere. 

vincere scis, Hannibal, victoria how to win victory you know, 
uti nescis Hannibal; how to make use 

of victory you know not 

When the verb esse, to be (or others of similar meaning, see 
203, 3) with an Adjective or Noun is used as the Object of a verb, 
such Adjective or Noun is put in the Nominative; as: 

beatus esse sine virtute nemo no one can be happy without 
potest virtue. 



proprmm est, it is the mark isthic, isthaec, isthoc, the very 

negotia agere> to transact af- same; isthoc est, that is what 

fairs I call 

armatus, -1, an armed man prospicio, -ere, to foresee 

se gerere, to behave 

Postquam Romae reges regnare desierunt, bini in singulos 
annos consules creati sunt. Et roonere et moneri proprmm est 
verae amicitiae. Solent diu cogitare omnes, qui magna nego- 
tia volimt agere. Millies perlre melius est quam in sua civitate 
sine armatorum praesidio non posse vivere. Adsuesce et dicere 
verum et audlre. Accipere praestat quam facere injuriam. 
Stultum est irasci iis, quae iram nostram non meruerunt nee 
sentiunt. Saepe optimum est tacere. Locutum fuisse me ali- 
quando poenitiiit, tacuisse numquam. Aequum est filium 
possidere bona, quae pater possedit. Isthoc est sapere, non 
quod ante pedes modo est videre, sed etiam quae futtira sunt 
prospicere. Utrumque vitium est et omnibus credere et nulli. 
Nihil miserms est quam propter nummos Deum contemnere. 
Numquam desmam ita me gerere, ut Deo bonisque homintbus 
placeam. Difficile est corrigere errores, qui nobiscum cre- 
verunt. Magni animi est injurias despicere. PlurTmi cupidi- 
tates suaa regere nesciunt, et tamen alios regere volunt. Vita 
ipsa plurimos sapere docet. 



— 108 — ] 

pennae, -arQm, wings magis, better 

acerbum, -I, a calamity probo, -ar<5, to approve 

tfllSrabilis, -S, endurable falsa, -orum, what is false 

cognosco, -erg, to learn 

It is easy to do harm, difficult to do good. It is the 
first virtue to fly vice. To dwell in the city is irksome to him 
who has been accustomed to live in the country. It is beauti- 
ful to speak the truth; it is more beautiful to hear it willingly. 
To die is not to perish. All who wish to live according to 
nature, will obey [to] the divine and human law. If you wish 
to subject all things to yourself, subject yourself to reason. It 
is mean to prefer money to friendship. It is a fraud to take 
what you will not be able to return. To speak of [de] future 
affairs will always be difficult. To err is human. To fly 
without wings is not an easy thing. To please the rabble 
is to displease the wise. To hear of calamities is more en- 
durable than to see them. I can better find fault with past 
things than correct them. He who has accustomed himself 
to lie will easily steal. To receive a benefit is to sell one's 
liberty. I have never wished to please the people; for what 
I know the people do not approve; what they approve, I 
am ignorant of. The first step [of] to wisdom is to under- 
stand what is false, the second to learn truth. To lose a 
friend is the greatest of losses. 

273c Accusative with the Infinitive. 

The Accusative with the Infinitive is used like the 
English Objective with the Infinitive in such sen- 
tences as: 

hoc verum esse scimus we Jcnow (his to be true. 

In English we might also say: We know that this is true; but 
Latin permits only of the Infinitive Construction. 

The Accusative with the Infinitive may be the Subject 
of the sentence. The Predicate is either a noun or an 
adjective with est, or an impersonal verb. 



— 109 



The most common phrases under this rule are 



par est, it is fair 
justum est, it is just 
certiim est, it is certain 
verum est, it is true 
credibilS est, it is credible 
fas est, it is right 
ngfas est, it is forbidden 
fama est, the story goes 
opinio est, there is a report 
spes est, there is hope 

necesse est, 



oportSt, there is need, ought 

apparet, it is clear 

constat, it is agreed, evident, 

well known 
conducit ) 

expedit >- it is useful 
prodest ) 

convenit, it is fitting 
placet, it pleases 
displicet, it displeases 
it must needs 



me scribere oportet, I must write or I ought to write 

certum est libSros amari, it is certain that children are loved. 

The Accusative with the Infinitive is used as the 
Object of verbs of Perceiving and Declaring (verba sen- 
tiendi et declarandi), and similar expressions. 



Verba sentiendi: 
sentirS, to perceive, notice 
animadvertere, to see 
audire, to hear 
vidSre, to see 
accipere, to hear 
comperire, to ascertain 
cognoscere, to know 
intellegere, to learn 
cogltare to think 
arbltrari ^ 
credere > to believe 
existimare \ 



aves videmus construgre nidos 
nemo negabit se esse mortalem 



Verba declarandi: 
dicerg, to say 

negare, to deny, affirm that not 
affirmare, to affirm 
respondere, to answer 
scribere, to write 
faterl, to confess 
declararg, to declare 
demonstrare, to prove 
narrare, to tell 
nuntlare, to bring word 
docere, to teach 
ostendere, to show 

we see that birds build nests 
no one will deny that he is 
mortal: 



Verbs of Perceiving take the Accusative with the Present Participle 
to represent the object as actually seen, heard, etc. as: 

Catonem vidi in bibliotheca sedentem, / saw Cato sitting inthe 
library. 



— 110 — 

Verbs of Wishing and Desiring take a dependent 
Accusative with the Infinitive. Such are: 

volo, I wish cupio, I desire sino, I permit 

nolo, I do not wish jiibeo, I bid patlor, I suffer 

malo, I like better veto, I forbid 

discipuluni me haberi volo, non Iivish to betaken for a learner, 

doctorem not for a teacher 

Caesar pontem jubet reseindi Caesar orders the bridge to be 

broken down. 

Verbs of Emotion, as: gaudere, to rejoice, gratiam agere, to 
thank, dolere, to pain (see 259) may be considered as verbs of 
saying and thinking and, as such, take an Accusative with Infinitive, as : 

salvum te advenisse gaudeo, I rejoice that you have arrived safe. 



ludibrium, -1, mockery consecro, -are, to dedicate 

transllio, -ire, to leap across permaneo, -ere, to continue 

dilucidiis, -a, -urn, clear pernicies, -ei, ruin 

antiquitiis, anciently curam habere, to have regard for 

Ceres, -eris, Ceres consequor, -1, to follow 

Proserpina, -ae, Proserpine exiguiis, -a, -urn, scanty 

Fama est ludibrlo fratris, Remum Romae novos transi- 
luisse muros. Tria convenit habere narrationem, ut brevis, ut 
diluctda, ut verisimilis sit. Constat Sicillam totam antiquitus 
Cereri et Proserpmae fuisse consecratam. Nihil difflcilms est 
quam amicitiam usque ad extremum vitae diem permanere. 
Omne corpus mortale aliquo tempore interire necesse est. 
Nonne praestaret te mutum esse quam in aliorum perniciem 
esse disertum ? Praeclarum sapientiae praeceptum est debere 
unumquemque nostrum majorem curam habere ejus temporis, 
quod post mortem nostram consecuturum est quam brevis illius 
et exigiii, quo in hac vita sumus. Tempus est nos de ilia per- 
petua jam, non de hac exigua vita cogitare. Multum mea in- 
terest vos omnes bonos pueros esse. Meliorem esse pessimis 
parva laus est. Decet cariorem nobis esse patriam quam nos- 
met ipsos. Cum corpore mentem crescere sentlmus, pariterque 
senescere. 



— Ill — 

274. To translate such clauses as are introduced 
in English by the conjunction that, and require in 
Latin the Accusative with the Infinitive, 

take no notice of that; 

translate the English Nominative following that by the Latin Accusative; 

translate the English Verb by the Latin Infinitive. 

A Predicate Noun or Adjective and the Participles 
of the Compound Infinitives must agree with the 
Accusative - Subject; but, of course, the Supine re- 
mains unaltered. 

sentio boreain frigidum esse I feel that the north-wind is cold 

medici causa morbi inventa cu- physicians think that when the 
rationem esse inventam pu- cause of disease is discovered, 
tant the cure has been discovered. 



invenio, -ire, to devise cunicultls, -I, a rabbit 

consulto, -are, to consult violo, -are, to injure 

studium, -I, partiality harena obniere, to bury in the 

Balearis, -e, Balearic sand 

It is certain that children are loved by their parents. It is 
evident that laws were devised for (ad) the safety of citizens. 
It is true that nobody on this earth is always happy. How 
foolish it is to trust too much to prosperity ! It is credible 
that the world was made for the sake of men. It becomes 
all men who consult about doubtful affairs to be free from 
anger and partiality. A law ought to be brief. It is neces- 
sary that the world be governed by God. It is well known 
that the inhabitants of the Balearic Islands implored the aid 
of the Roman army against an excessive multitude of rabbits. 
It is more difficult to bear wisely good fortune than bad. It 
has never been heard that a crocodile was injured by an Egyp- 
tian. Certain it is that many people die daily. You have never 
heard that fools are pleasing to sensible people. Who will deny 
that virtue is the greatest riches ? They say that tortoises and 
crocodiles bury their eggs in the sand. The father forbids the 
son to come into his sight. 



— 112 — 

i 
275. Tenses of the Infinitive. 

After Verbs of Perceiving and Declaring (verba sen- 
tiendi et declarandi) 

the Present Infinitive expresses contemporaneous action, 
the Perfect Infinitive expresses antecedent action, 
the Future Infinitive expresses future action. 

Present Infinitive. 
I. credo eum scribere i* believe that he is writing 

II. credebam eum scribere / believed that he was writing. 

Perfect Infinitive. 
I. credo eum scripsisse I believe that he has written 

II. credebam eum scripsisse / believed that he had written- 

Future Infinitive. 
I. credo eum scripturum esse / believe that he will write 

II. credebam eum scripturum esse / believed that he would write. 

I. After a Principal Tense translate: 

the Infinitive like the Indicative of the same tense. 

II. After a Historical Tense translate : 

the Infinitive Present like the Indicative Imperfect 
the Infinitive Perfect " Indicative Pluperfect 
the Infinitive Future " Subjunctive Imperfect (should and would) 

The Future Infinitive is often expressed by tfSre or futurum esse 
ut — necessarily so when the verb has no Supine, as: 

credo fore ut pluat / believe it will rain 

credebam fore ut plueret / believed it would rain. 

The Personal Pronouns, which are in general used only for the sake 
of distinction or emphasis, must be always expressed in the Accu- 
sative with Infinitive. For the Pronouns of the third person the Ee- 
flexive se is used in reference to the subject of the Principal Clause, 
and the Demonstratives eum, €am, Sos, Sas when referring to 
another noun. 
nemo tarn senex est qui se an- no one is so old but thinks he 

num non putet posse vivere can live another year 

Ennius deos esse censet, sed eos Ennius believes that there are 
non curare opinatur, quid gods, but he does not think 
agat humanum genus they care what mankind are 

doing. 



— 113 — 

tf rftJr, -Irl, to spring infans, -tis, dumb * 

transducS, -€r£, to bring across ftdulescens, -tls, young 

navigatlS circiim terram, a voy- Antoninus Pifis (-1 -I), Antoni- 

age round the world nus Pius, a Roman emperor 

arguo, -ere, to prove sententia, -ae, a sentence 

gl5bosiis, -a, -um, round like Fabia Dolabella (-ae -ae), Fa- 

a ball bia Dolabella 

H6r6d6tGs, -I, Herodotus viginti annos, these 20 years 

Caesar reperiebat, plerosque Belgas esse ortos a Germanis 
Rhenumque antiquttus transductos. Navigationes circum ter- 
ram satis argiiunt, earn esse globosam. Solon cum interrogans 
esset, cur nullum supplicium constituisset in eum, qui paren- 
tem necasset, respondit, se id neminem facturum putasse. He- 
rodotus ait, nihil a Per sis mendacio turpius judicari. Quidam 
idcirco Deum esse negant, quia non cernitur, proinde quasi 
nostram ipsam mentem videre possimus. Herodotus scribit, 
Croesi filtum, cum esset infans, locutum esse. Quis est, quam- 
vis sit adulescens, qui sciat, se ad vesperum esse victtlrum ? 
Antoninus Pius hanc praeclaram Scipionis sententiam saepe in 
ore habebat, malle se unum civem servare quam mille hostes 
occidere. Fabiae Dolabellae triginta se annos habere dicenti: 
verum est, inquit Cicero, nam hoc jam viginti annos audio. 
Constat, Romanos e5dem anno duas urbes florentissimas, Car- 
thaglnem et Corinthum delevisse. Ex inimico cogita posse 
fieri amlcum. 

270* innumerabfles coplae, im- Crassus, -i, Crassus 

mense bodies Luclllus, -I, Lucilius 

sidtis, -eris, a star Epicureus, -I, an Epicurean 

adspecttis, -us, appearance praestabilior, -us, better 

indlco, -ar6, to indicate otiosiis, -a, -una, of ease 

fortuitus, ~a, -uin, matter of condlmentum, -I, an appetizer 

chance potiO, -onis, drink 

The ancient Greeks and Romans thought there were many 
gods. They are mistaken who believe that the mind perishes 
with the body. They live to no purpose who think they will 
live always. We perceive by the touch that stones are hard. 
Alexander hearing that Dareus was raising immense bodies of 
soldiers, replied: One wolf is not afraid of many sheep. Aristotle 



114 



asserts [teaches] that there never was a poet Orpheus Most 
people say that their own dangers are nearer to them than 
those of others. Solon said that before death no one ought 
to be called happy. The appearance of the sun, moon and all 
the stars sufficiently indicates that they are not a matter of 
chance. Many Romans believed that Germany could not be 
inhabited on account of the cold. Who does not know that 
griefs are assuaged by tears? They say that Romulus was 
brought up among shepherds. Lucilius says that Crassus 
laughed once in his' life. The Epicureans said that nothing 
was better than a life of ease. Socrates used to say that the 
appetizer of food was hunger, of drink thirst. It is a°reed 
among all writers that Romulus was the first king f the 
Romans. The oracle of Delphi said that Socrates was the 
wisest of all men. Who has not heard that the Romans were 
conquered by Hannibal at Cannae ? 

277. Nominative with the Infinitive. 

With Passive Verbs of Perceiving and Declaring, in- 
stead of the Infinitive with the Accusative a personal 
construction is more common by which the Subject 
Accusative becomes the 'Subject Nominative of the 
leading verb: Nominative with the Infinitive. 

Accus. with Inf. tradunt Homerum caecum fuisse, they say that Ho- 
mer was blind 

Nomin. with Inf. Homerus caecus fuisse traditur, Homer is said to 
have been blind. 

Especially to be noted is the construction of the Nominative with 
tne innnitave after: 

jubeo, I order sino, I let 

v6to, I forbid vidgor, I seem 

TribL JUbentUr eXerCltUm tke COmuls are orde ™* *> levy 
sc ™ ere an army * 

omnibus videmur recte fecisse, it seems to all that we did riaht 
quod amid causam defeuderi- in defending the eauseofour 
mus friend. 



— 115 — 

Macedonia, -ae, Macedonia vaco, -are, to be vacant 

castelluni, -I, a fort lectulum, -I, a bed 

aselliis, -I, a donkey Marcellus, -I, Marcellus 

potissimum, best aegre" pati, to be grieved 

fructum cap ere, to derive ad- disciplina, -ae, discipline 

vantage DrCudes, -urn, the Druids, 

Helvetius, -I, a Helvetian priests among the ancient 

incendo, -ere, to burn Celtic nations 

rSstituo, -ere, to rebuild transfers, -re, to bring across 

Philippus, Macedoniae rex omnia castella expugnari posse 
dicebat, in quae modo asellus onustus auro posset adscendere. 
Plerlque amlcos eos potissimum diligunt, ex quibus sperant 
se maximum fructum esse capturos. Caesar Helvetios oppida 
vicosque, quos incenderant, restituere jussit. Id ea maxiine 
ratione fecit, quod noluit eum locum, unde Helvetii discesse- 
rant, vacare. Duo equites Romani promiserant, se Ciceronem 
ante lucem in lectulo interfecturos esse. Ceres prima homines 
frumenti usum docuisse dicttur. Creditur Tacitus, qui mores 
Germanorum terraeque situm accuratissime descripsit, non 
audita tantum narrare, sed etiam quae ipse viderit. Milites 
jussi sunt a Marcello temperare Archimedi. Lycurgus virgtnes 
sine dote nubere jussit, ut uxores eligerentur, non pecuniae. 
Avarus aegre patitur viclnum suum esse se divitiorem. PublTus 
Scipio dicere solitus est, nunquam se minus otiosum esse quam 
cum otiosus, nee minus solum quam cum solus esset. Homerus 
Lycurgi temporibus vixisse traditur. Thales primus defectio- 
nem solis praedixisse fertur. Disciplina Druidum in Britannia 
reperta atque inde in Galliam translata esse existimatur. 



278. triumpho, -are, to triumph fabula, -ae, a play 

regia, -ae, a (king's) palace Laelius, -1, Laelius 

flagellum, -1, a scourge; flagel- Aristaeus, -T, Aristaeus 

lis caedere, to scourge inventor, -oris, an inventor 

apud tuos, with your family adhaereo; -ere, to be joined 

cognovl, / learn cognosco, -ere, to make the 
Terentius, -T, Terence acquaintance of 

A youth commonly hopes that he will live long. In war 
times we hope that the good cause shall at length triumph. 



116 



£HL ? I Lydia ordered all the treasures of his palace 
to be shown to Solon. Xerxes ordered the sea to be scoureed 
Your parents wish you to be diligent and pious; they do not 
wish you to have bad friends. Xanthippe, the wife of Socra- 
tes the philosopher, is said to have been cross and quarrelsome 
in a high degree. We hope that from this life we shall eo 
(venire) to another and happier life. Nature herself bids us be 
thankful All wish to live happily. I have received your most 
Pleasing letter from which I learn that you are with your family 
Lycurgus persuaded the Lacedaemonians that he had received 
his laws from Apollo. You promised to [that you would] come, 
but you have not come. Remember that you will die. The plays 
of Terence on account of the elegance of the language were 
thought to have been written by Laelius. Aristaeus is said to 
have been the inventor of oil. It seems as if Sicily was once 
jomed .to Italy. They say that Plato came to Italy to (fit) 
make the acquaintance of the Pythagoreans. The Phoenicians 
it is said, were very experienced sailors. 

279. Direct Discourse. 

A Statement which gives the exact words of the 
original speaker or writer is called oratio recta, or 
Direct Discourse. 

inquam, quoth I, is used in direct quotations, ajo / sav in ' 
indirect quotations, inquam always follows one or more o?the words 
S e t: n ^iV tS r bJeCtiS , menti ° ned ' * -mmonl/folLrthe 

it: r;; rs vulpes ' nondum matQra est > »* ™> ** «* * 



culex, -icis, a gnat exeS, -ire, to depart 

moles, -ia weight cavern*, -ae, a hole 

^.V ar5 > to °W ress sicco, -are, to dry 

protinus, immediately cicada, -ae a cricket 

prorsus „on, not at all i mpe r«o, - re, to sLe 

devorJS 1% , T* [yearS err3 ' - 5r€ > t0 rove about 

5; ' d6V0Ur cant5 ' - 3rS - to chirrup 

speluncS 1 -ae, a cave saepSs , -i s , \ hedge 

saluto, -are, to salute pascuis ' m; l % a / asture 



— 117 — 

Culex in tauri cornu sedens dixit: si te mole mea 
gravo, protinus avolabo. At taurus respondit: mea 
nihil interest, utrum maneas an avoles; te enim 
prorsus non sensi. 

Leo annis confectus morbum simulavit. Turn ad aegrotum 
regem visitandum complures venerunt bestiae, quas protinus 
devoravit. Sed cauta vulpes procul ante speluncam stabat 
regem saltitans. Interrogavit leo: cur non intras? Re- 
spondit vulpes: quod video multa intrantium vesti- 
gia, at nulla exeuntium. 

Formica hiemis tempore grana, quae prudens collegerat 
aestate, e caverna trahebat et siccabat. Hanc esuriens cicada 
rogavit, ut sibi aliquid impertiret. Cui formica: aestate 
quid age b as? inquit. Turn ilia: non erat otium, ut 
de futuro tempore cogitarem; errabam cantans 
per saepes et pascua. Ridens formica et grana referens 
sic ait: si aestate cantasti, age, nunc hieme 
s a 1 1 a. 

280. cuculus, -I, a cuckoo praedico, -arS, to advertise 

maximopere, most particularly verbero, -are, to flog 
coturnix, -icis, a quail atqui, exactly; propter id ipsum, 

mentiO, -onis, mention for this very reason 

specto, -are, to concern heriis, -I, a master 

meritum, -I, a merit 

A cuckoo questioned a starling which had flown from the 
city: "What do people say of (d6) my song? What 
of the nightingale?" — "They praise the song 
of the nightingale most particularly," says the 
starling. "What about the lark?" — "A great 
many praise its (hie) song also," answers the starling. 
"And what about the quail?" — "Some also are 
delighted with its voice." — "What, pray," asks 
the cuckoo, "do they think (jadicarg) of me?" — 
"That," replies the starling, "I cannot say, for no- 
body makes mention of you." The cuckoo angry says: 
"Therefore I will always speak of myself." 

This fable concerns those who are always advertising them- 
selves and their merits. 



— 118 — 

A certain man flogged his servant, principally on account 
of his laziness. The latter began to cry out: u Why do 
you flog me? I have done nothing." — "Ex- 
actly for this very reason I flog you," replies the 
master, "because you have done nothing." 

281. Indirect Discourse. 

An Indirect Quotation expresses a thought indirectly, 
as reported, recognized or contemplated by some one: 
oratio obliqua. 

Oratio recta. Oratio obliqua. 

Socrates dicere solebat: "omnes Socrates dicere solebat, omnes 

in eo quod sciunt satis sunt in eo quod scirent, satis 

eloquentes;" Socrates used to esse eloquentes; Socrates 

say: "All men are eloquent used to say that oilmen iv ere 

enough in what they under- eloquent enough in vohat they 

stand." understood. 

In Indirect Discourse the Verb of the Principal Clause 
is in the Infinitive and its Subject in the Accusative; 
Dependent Clauses connected with it by Relatives and 
Particles take the Subjunctive. 

Interrogative Sentences are put in the Subjunctive according to 267. 

Ariovistus ad postulata Caesaris Ariovistus gave a brief answer 

pauca respondit: quid sibi to Caesar's demands: what 

vellet ? cur in suas posses- did he mean ? why did he 

siones veniret? come into his possessions? 

Imperative Sentences are put in the Subjunctive; the negative is, of 
course, ne. 

mandata remittunt, quorum they sent back orders of which 

haec erat summa: Caesar in the substance was as follows: 

Galliam reverteretur, exerci- Caesar should return into 

tus dimitteret Gaul and disband his armies. 

A Clause depending upon a Subjunctive or Infinitive 
takes the Subjunctive if it is regarded as an integral 
part of that clause. This is called Attraction of Mood. 



119 — 



mos est Athenis laudari in con- 
done eos, qui sint in proeliis 
interfecti 



it is custom at Athens for those 
to be publicly eulogized ivho 
have been slain in battle. 



The Subjunctive is used in subordinate clauses to express the 
thought of some other person than the speaker or writer: 

quos viceris, amicos tibi esse do not believe that those whom 
cave credas you have conquered are your 

friends. 

All references to the Subject of the leading clause are regularly 
expressed by the Reflexive sui (suus). 
animus sentit se sua vi moveri the mind feels that it moves by 

its own force. 



Arcas,-aclis, an Arcadian 
Megara, -ae, Megara 
caup5, -0111s, an innkeeper 
deverto, -ere, to put up 
hospes, -Itis, a friend 
quiesco, -ere, to retire to rest 
concubia nocte, in the first sleep 
hospitium, . -i, the house of a 

friend 
perterreo, -ere, to frighten 
visum, -I, a vision 
diico, -ere, to conclude 
recurnbo, -ere, to lie down again 

Oratio recta. 

Claruui 

Cum duo quidam Arcades 
familiares iter una facerent et 
Megaram venissent, alter ad 
cauponem devertit, alter ad 
hospitem. Qui ut cenati quie- 
verunt, concubia nocte visus 
est in sommis ei, qui erat in 
hospitio, ille alter orare, ut 
subvenlret. quod sibi a caupo- 
ne inter Itus pararetur; is 



inultus, -a, -iim, unavenged 
conjicio, -ere, to thrust into 
injicio, -ere, to throw over 
supra, above, over 
stercus, -oris, dung 
commoveo, -ere, to rouse 
praesto esse aliciii, to wait 

upon some one 
biibulcus, -I, a driver 
eruo, -ere, to drag out 
patefacio, -ere, to bring to light 
poenas dare, to suffer punish- 
ment 

Oratio obliqua. 
somnium. 

Inter alia clara somnia tra- 
ditur hoc: Cum duo quidam 
Arcades familiares iter una 
facerent etMegaram venissent, 
alteram ad cauponem devertis- 
se, ad hospitem alteram. Qui 
ut cenati quiescerent, concubia 
nocte visum esse in somniis ei, 
qui erat in hospitio, ilium al- 
teram orare, ut subvenlret, 
quod sibi a caupone interitus 



— 120 



primo perterritus somnio sur- 
rexit; dein cum se collegisset 
idque visum pro nihilo haben- 
dum esse duxisset, recubuit; 
turn ei dormienti idem ille vi- 
sus est rogare, ut quoniam 
sibi vivo non subvenisset, mor- 
tem suam ne inultam esse pa- 
ter etur; se interfectum in plau- 
strum a caupone esse conjec- 
tum et supra stercusinjec turn; 
petere, ut mane ad portam 
adesset, priusquam plaustrum 
ex urbe exlret. Hoc vero som- 
nio is commotus mane bubulco 
praesto ad portam fuit; quae- 
sivit ex eo, quid esset in plau- 
stro; ille perterritus fugit; 
mortuus erutus est; caupo re 
patefacta poenas dedit. 



pararStur; eum primo perter- 
ritum somnio surrexisse; dein 
cum se collegisset idque visum 
pro nihilo habendum esse 
duxisset, recubuisse; turn ei 
dormienti eundem ilium visum 
esse rogare, ut quoniam sibi 
vivo non subvenisset, mortem 
suam ne inultam esse patere- 
tur; se interfectum in plau- 
strum a caupone esse conjec- 
tum et supra stercus injectum; 
petere, ut mane ad portam 
adesset, priusquam plaustrum 
ex oppido exlret. Hoc vero 
somnio eum commotum mane 
bubulco praesto ad portam 
fuisse; quaesisse ex eo, quid 
esset in plaustro; ilium per- 
territum fugisse; mortuum 
erutum esse; cauponem, re 
patefacta, poenas dedisse. 



282. dulcls, -S, obliging 
Hispanus, -1, a Spaniard 
appello, -are, to style 
intolgrabilis, -S, intolerable 
appellati6,-onis, an appellation 

Direct Discourse. 
Bitter enemies deserve bet- 
ter of (de) some people than 
those friends who seem oblig- 
ing; the former often tell the 
truth, the latter never. 



Scipio when he was styled 
king by the Spaniards, said: 
" The name of general which 



praedico, -are, to boast 
sup6ro, -are (with abl.), to ex- 
m eel in 

consequSr, -I, to attain to 
praesSs, -idis, a governor 

Indirect Discourse. 

Cato used to say that bit- 
ter enemies deserved better of 
some people than those friends 
who seemed obliging; that the 
former often told the truth, 
the latter never. 

Scipio when he was styled 
king by the Spaniards said 
the name of general which the 



— 121 — 

(qu5) my soldiers have called soldiers had called him, was 
me, is to me the greatest; the to him the greatest; the kingly 
kingly name, elsewhere great, name, elsewhere great, was 
is intolerable at Rome; I be- intolerable at Rome, he be- 
seech you to (ut) abstain from sought them to abstain from 
the appellation of king." the appellation of king. 

Diogenes used to boast how Diogenes used to boast how 

much (quanto) he excelled even much he excelled even the king 

the king of Persia in happiness, of Persia in happiness, by say- 

"Tome," says he, "nothingis ing that to himself nothing was 

wanting, to him nothing will wanting, to the king nothing 

be ever enough; I do not de- would be enough; that he did 

sire his pleasures, he can in no not desire the king's pleasures, 

manner attain to mine." and the king could in no man- 
ner attain to his. 

Tiberius wrote to the gov- Tiberius wrote to the gov- 
ernors of the provinces the ernors of the provinces that it 
following: "It is the duty of was the duty of a good shep- 
a good shepherd to shear, not herd to shear, not to skin, his 
to skin, his sheep. ' ■ sheep. 

283. Participles. 

1. There are two Participles in the Active Voice: 
the Present Participle denotes continuance, as: scribens, writing; 
the Future Participle is used to express what is likely or about to 

happen, as: scrip ttir us, about to write. 

2. There are two Participles in the Passive Voice: 
the Perfect Participle denotes completion, as: scriptus, written; 

the Gerundive (so-called Future Participle) denotes necessity or pro- 
priety, as: scrlbendus, to be written. 

3. Deponent Verbs have four Participles: 

the Present Participle, as: hortans, exhorting; 

the Perfect Participle, as: hortatus, having exhorted; 

the Fut. Part. Act., as: hortaturils, being about to exhort; 

the Fut. Part Pass., as: hortandus, to be exhorted. 



— 122 — 

4. The Participles are used attributively, or in the 

manner of ordinary Adjectives, as: 

arbor florens, a blossoming tree scripta epistula, a written letter 
puer dormiens, a sleeping boy urbs obsessa, a besieged town. 

5. The Participles are used with the utmost free- 
dom appositively and may have the value 

of a Relative, as: divitiae semper duratiirae, riches which will 
last forever; 

of while, when, after, as: Plato scribens mortuus est, Plato 
died while writing; 

of if, as: mendaci homini ne verum quidem dicenti eredimus, 
we do not believe a liar, even if he speaks the truth; 

of since, because, as: cantus olorinus recte fabulosus habetur 
nunquam auditus, the swan's song is justly regarded as 
fabulous, because it has never been heard ; 

of though, although, as: ociilus se non videns alia cernit, 
the eye, th ough not seeing itself, sees other things; 

of to, in order to (expressing a purpose), as: Scipio in Africam 
trajecit Carthagmem deleturus, S cipio crossed over into Africa 
to destroy Carthage. 

6. The Participle with a negative, as non, nihil is 

often best rendered 

by without and a Participial Noun, as: multi homines vitupe- 
rant libros non intellectos, many men find fault with books 
without understanding them. 



offero, -re, to offer 
exploro, -are, to explore 
Jtidaeus, -T, a Jew 
potestas, -atis, permission 
Josephiis, -I, Joseph 
6veho, -ere, to raise 
improbiis, -I, a rascal 
jiivo, -are, to avail 
exigo, -ere, to spend 



calefacio, -ere, to heat 
adsuefio, -leri, to be trained 
onero, -are, to load 
sarcinae, -arum, baggage 
procumbo, -ere, to lie down 
resurgo, -ere, to rise again 
Hephaestion, -onis, Hephaes- 
pariter, together [Hon 

adeo, -ire, to reach 



~ 223 — 

Utrum est praeclarms aurum habere, an habentibus aurum 
imperare? Pers arum regi intra imperii fines iter facienti ab 
omnibus munera offerebantur. Caesar adversus hostem copias 
ducttirus praemlsit equites, qui vias omnes explorarent. Cyrus 
rerum potitus Judaeis potestatem dedit in patriam redeundi. 
Deus Josephum in Aegypto multa mala perpessum ad summos 
honores evexit. Sapiens quidam laudatus ab improbo: quam 
timeo, inquit, ne quid male fecerim ! Quid hommem octoginta 
anni juvant per inertiam exacti ? Currendo calefactus cave, 
ne statim bibas. Camelus adsuefieri potest, ut onerandus 
sarcmis humi procumbat, oneratus resurgat. Hephaestlon 
longe omnium amicorum carissimus erat Alexandro, cum ipso 
pariter educatus. Alexander moriens anulum suum dederat 
Perdiccae. Insulas non possumus adire, nisi navibus, undique 
mari circumdatas. Avarus maximas saepe divitias possidens, 
iis non utitur. Risus interdum ita repente erumpit, ut eum 
cupientes tenere nequeamus. 

284. Ardea, -ae, Ardea intiieor, -eri, to look upon 

verger e ad, to decline towards lacesso, -ere, to provoke 
jentaciilum, -1, breakfast plane, perfectly 

pulcherrimus, -&, -iim, most audio, -ire, to hearken to 
glorious " inspicio, -ere, to examine 

The Perfect Passive Participle supplies the place of a Verbal Noun 
with of as: occlsus Caesar, the murder of Caesar. 

Tarquin the Proud, while besieging Ardea, lost his king- 
dom. In the morning [time] and when declining towards the 
west, the sun has less [of] strength. Caesar, having got pos- 
session of Alexandria, gave the government to Cleopatra. A 
friend had come to take breakfast with me. The murder of 
Caesar, the dictator, appeared to some the worst, to others the 
most glorious deed. He who is about to purchase land must 
before (prae) all things look upon the water, the roads, and the 
neighbors. A lion, when satiated and not provoked, is perfectly 
harmless. Alexander called the city which he had founded 
[founded by him] Alexandria. Tigers attack all animals, 
because they are always thirsting for blood. The rhinoceros 
when about to fight with an elephant is said to sharpen its 



— 124 — 

horn on rocks (abl.). Word was brought to Cincinnatus as he 
was plowing that he had been made dictator. Attentive 
friends hearkened to Socrates while he was discoursing on the 
immortality of souls. I never drink without being thirsty; 
many men drink without being thirsty. He is a fool who 
when he is going to buy a horse does not examine the animal 
itself, but its cloth and bridle. Numa was made king in the 
forty first year after the founding of the city. 

285. Participles (continued). 

Verbs of Perceiving take the Accusative with the Present Participle, 
when the object is to be represented as actually seen, heard, etc.; 
also: facere, inducere, to represent, introduce (see 273), as: 
vidi puSros ludentes I saw the boys playing 

Xenophon facit Socratem dispu- Xenophon represents Socrates 
tantem disputing. 



attonitus, -&, -um, stunned accgdere ad, to proceed to 

castigo, -are, to discipline rec6do,-ere, to move backwards 

scala, -ae, a ladder pix, plcis, pitch 

applico, -are to apply Caesarianus, -a, -um, of Caesar 

mutus, -&, -um, silent immitto, -ere, to let loose 

prius, sooner Ancharius, -I, Ancharius 

vehementer, furiously perfodTo, -ere, to stab to death 

corrado,-ere, to scrape together porrlgo, -ere, to shake 

cista, -ae, a chest irruo, -ere, to rush 

divinum numen (-1 -inis), obstupesco, -ere, to be aston- 

divine majesty ished 

Imperator milites subito terrore attonitos castigavit. Ro- 
mani Syractisas oppugnantes scalas muris applicuerunt. Om- 
nia adhibita remedia interdum aegrotis magis nocent quam 
prosunt. A cane muto prius quam a vehementer latranti 
mordeberis. Avari pecuniam undique corrasam in cistis ab- 
scondunt. Divlni nummis auxilium et gratiam implorantes 
ad aedes sacras accedimus. Navigantibus terra recedere 
videtur. Cassius naves pice completas in Caesarianam classem 
immisit. Nero a senatu hostis patriae judicatus ipse pugione 
se transfixit. Ancharius quidam in conspectu Marii perfossus 



— 125 — 

est, quia manum non porrexfirat ei salutanti. Cum Romani 
milites primum elephantos in se irruentes viderent, obstupu- 
erunt neque iis restiterunt. Is fidelissime dat consilium, qui 
id suadet, quod ipse, si in eodem loco erit, factUrus erit. Hel- 
vetii cum novas sedes petituri essent, omnia oppida et yicos 
incenderant. Tullus HostilTus tricesimo imperii anno altero, 
fulmrne ictus, cum domo sua arsit. 



286. aculSus, -1, a sting; acti- 
lSIs pungerg, to sting 
in primis, among the foremost 
Tyrus, -I, Tyre 
deprghendo, -ere, to overtake 
dimitto, -ere, to disband 
Sertorius, -1, Sertorius 
bellum excitare, to stir up war 



ocSanus, -I, the ocean 
confugio, -ere, to flee to 
sS recip^rg, to betake one's self 
parietem ferlrg, to knock one y s 

head against the wall 
indignatio, -onis, indignation 
commotiis, -a, -lim, moved 
monoceros, ^otis, a unicorn 



Bees, when provoked, sting furiously. Epaminondas, when 
fighting, always stood among the foremost. Alexander, when 
besieging Tyre, built a mound out into (in with abl.) the sea. 
The Greeks burned Troy when taken. The soldiers of Anthony 
overtook Cicero in his flight. King Pyrrhus sent an ambas- 
sador to Rome to sue for peace. Though ordered by the senate, 
yet Caesar did not disband his army. Sertorius who had 
stirred up a severe war against the Romans in Spain, being 
[having been] at length conquered, fled to the ocean to betake 
himself to the Islands of the Blessed. Men, when moved by 
deep (gravis) grief and indignation, sometimes knock their 
heads against the wall. Ariovistus, the chief of the Germans, 
was about to occupy all Gaul. It is the way of timid people 
to fear even those things which ought not to be feared. Four 
hundred cavalry of the Helvetians fighting bravely put to 
flight four thousand of the Romans. He who has been struck 
by lightning does not see the flash of lightning. We are not 
wont to believe [to] a liar even if he speaks the truth. Many 
people leave their country to seek other settlements. The 
unicorn is rightly regarded as fabulous, because it has never 
been seen. 



nante , 

Tito imperante 
Caesare interfeeto 



— 126 — 

287. Ablative Absolute. 

A Noun or Pronoun with a Participle is used in 
the Ablative Case absolutely to express some accom- 
panying circumstance or condition of the action. 

The Ablative Absolute may be translated by the English Nominative 

Absolute which is a close equivalent; but, as a rule, the same 

change of form is required as in translating Participles in general 

(see 283) . Examples- are : 

Numa PompilTo reg- Numa Pompilius reigning. When Numa 

Pompilius was reigning. In the reign 
of Numa Pompilius. 
In the reign of the emperor Titus. 
Caesar being, having been murdered. 
When Caesar had been murdered. 
After the murder of Caesar. 
An Adjective, or another Noun may take the place of the Parti- 
ciple, as: 

Xerxes being king. 

Nature being the leader. Under the 

guidance of nature. 
While we are unwilling. Against our 

will. Inspite of us. 
Wldle father is, ivas unwilling. Against 
father's will. 

The want of a Perfect Active Participle in Latin 

is frequently supplied by the Ablative Absolute with 

a Passive Participle, thus: 

Caesar, nrbe capta, rediit i The city being taken, Caesar returned. 
( Raving taken the city, Caesar returned. 



Xerxe rege 
natura duce 



nolentlbus nobis 



patre invito 



Chllo, -onis, Chilo 
Olympia, -ae, Olympia 
exspiro, -are, to expire 
insidiae, -arum, treachery 
committo, -ere, to fight 
Gaius Atilius (-I-i), Gajus Atilius 
Sardiis, -I, a Sardinian 
triumphatum est, there was a 
triumph 



divulgo, -are, to spread abroad 
emmeo, -ere, to be prominent 
eripio, -ere, to deliver 
sentio, -ire, to be aware of 
statuo, -ere, to decide 
Iniquitas, -atis, injustice 
obsto, -are, to intervene 
Deo teste, calling on God to 
xoitness 



— 127 — 

Chilo, unus e septem sapientibus, filio victore Olympiae, 
nimio gaudio exspiravit. Vivo Hannibale Romani sese ab 
insidiis tutos non esse arbitrabantur. Duce Scipione Romani 
in AMcam trajecerunt, ubi pugna ad Zamam commissa pax 
petentibus Carthaginiensibus data est. Manlio Torquato, Gaio 
Atilio consulibus de Sardis triumphatum est, et omnibus locis 
pace facta Romani bellum non habebant, quod inde ab urbe 
condita semel tantum factum erat, regnante Numa Pompilio. 
Sapiens amissis omnibus rebus dives judicandus est. Fama 
divulgata, Numam Fompilmm Sabinum virtute et sapientia 
eminere, hunc populus Romanus ? quamquam peregrlnum, 
praeteritis civibus regem creavit. Quam multis e periciilis 
Deus vitam tuam eripu.it te non sentiente ! Judex, qui statuit 
aliquid altera parte non audita, iniquitatis arguitur. Eclipses 
non ublque cernuntur, aliquando propter nubHa, saepius globo 
terrae obstante. Quod Deo teste promiseris, id tenendum est. 

288. advenio, -ire, to approach Pausamas, -ae, Pausanias 

Thermop5 r lae, -arum, Thermo- Mardonius, -I, Mardonius 

pylae Plataeae, -arum, Plataea 

vigeo, -ere, to thrive expers, -tis, free 

conflagrati5,-onis, an eruption convenit, it is agreed 

The Greeks, on the approach of the Persians, occupied 
Thermopylae. After the expulsion (expello) of the kings , the 
first consuls at Rome were Brutus and Collatinus. It thunders 
sometimes also when the sky is serene. We cannot doubt 
that there is a God, as nature herself teaches it Schools are 
a great hope of one's country; when they flourish, the state 
also thrives. The Greeks under the leadership of Themistocles 
conquered the Persians at Salamis. In the reign of the 
emperor Titus there occurred an eruption of Vesuvius; in 
the reign of Tiberius, a violent earthquake. When the sea 
is calm, any one can be pilot. Under the leadership of Pau- 
sanias the Greeks put to flight the immense forces of Mardo- 
nius at Plataea. For 44 years Mithridates carried on war 
with the Romans with often varying fortune. Pythagoras, 
who first called himself a philosopher, flourished when Ser- 
vius Tullius was king of the Romans. We ought to be free 



— 128 — 

from all fear, since God regulates human affairs. Under the 
guidance of nature, the ancients comprehended that there was 
a God, but it was not agreed among them what God was. 

289. Gerund. 

1. As the Infinitive is used as a Verbal Noun in 
the Nominative and Accusative Cases, so the Gerund, 
corresponding to the English participial noun in ing, 
is used in the remaining cases, viz.: 



Nom 


. scribere est utile 


writing is useful 


Gen. 


ars scribendi 


the art of writing 


Dat. 


scribendo adfui 


I was present at the writing 


Ace. 


scribere disco 


I learn to write 




ad scribendum utilis 


useful for writing 


Abl. 


scribendo disclmus 


we learn by writing. 


2. 


The Gerund governs the same case as the 


erb, 


as: 

ars scribendi epistulam 


the art of writing a letter 




cupidus te audiendi 


desirous of hearing you 




injurias ferendo 


by bearing wrongs 




ad beate vivendum 


for living happily 




parendo leglbus 


by obeying the laws 


crucio, -are, to torture 


vinco, -erg, to overcome 



moderate, with moderation certamfcn, -inis, a contest 

gelasco, -ere, to freeze Persictis, -&, -um, Persian 

grandO, -mis, hail auscultans, -tis, a hearer 

fortuna adeo aspera,a lot so hard permoveo, -ere, to excite 

Avari homines non solum libidme augendi divitlas crucian- 
tur, sed etiam amittendi metu. Parsimonia est scientia vi- 
tandi sumptus supervacuos sive ars re familiari moderate 
utendi. Si pluvia inter decidendum gelascit, grando fit. 
Valetudo, amicitia ceteraque bona quanti sint, carendo magis 
quam fruendo intellexi. Nulla fortuna adeo aspera est, quam 
prudenter patiendo vir fortis non vincat. Reddenda est terra 
terrae. In certamine ad Thermopylas milites PersTci postrgmo 
flagellorum ictibus ad pugnandum coacti sunt. Optlmus orator 



— 129 — 

est, qui dicendo animos auscultantium et docet et delectat et 
permovet. Cato perpetuo censebat, Carthaginem esse delen- 
dam. Cum judici dicenda sententia erit, meminerit se Deum 
habere testem. Saepe in metuendo plus mali est quam in ipso 
illo, quod timetur. Summa voluptas ex discendo capitur. Ut 
equus equitandi imperito inutilis est, ita libri sunt inutiles 
Jgnaro legendi. 



290. noxltis, -&, -urn, noxious insuetus, -&, -fini, unaccustom- 

herb&, -ae, a iveed ratio, -onis, reflection [ed 

exstirpo, -arg, to eradicate lignum, -I, wood 

adessg, to be at hand comburo, -ere, to burn 

stilus, -l, a stilus cognovl, i" have become ac- 

prohibSo, -ere, to check quainted with, I know 

We eradicate the noxious weeds of fields by plowing. In 
reading we ought to imitate bees. The opportunity to learn 
is not always at hand. The ancients used a stilus for (ad) 
writing. No one can have a just cause [of] for bearing arms 
against his country. This pupil is more inclined to (ad) play 
than to learn. By hoping misfortune is made lighter. Anger 
is to be checked in punishing. There is always opportunity 
of reading, not always of hearing. My brother being unac- 
customed [of] to sailing fears the sea. Man is born for (ad) 
understanding and thinking. A man should do nothing with- 
out reflection. Trees afford wood not only for burning but 
also for building and other necessary things. From whom did 
the spider learn the art of weaving its nets ? Three things 
are especially to be respected by youths: God, one's parents, 
the laws. In the most ancient times many peoples did not yet 
know the art of writing. Let pupils be desirous of learning. 
Wisdom is to be considered the art of living. 



291. Gerundive. 

1. The Gerundive, in its adjective use, denotes 
necessity or propriety. 



— 130 — 

Tts most frequent use is with esse in the Passive Periphrastic Con- 
jugation (see 24:7). The neuter of the Gerundive with est, erat, 
etc. is used impersonally if what is said holds good of people in 
general, as: vivendum est, we or you must live. 

But the person by whom may also be added in the Dative, thus: 
niilii scribendum est, I must or should write 
tibi scribendum est, thou must or shouldst write 
ei scribendum est, he must or should write 
nobis scribendum est, ive must or should write 
vobis scribendum est, you must or should write 
eis scribendum est, they must or should write 

2. The Gerundive is used as an Objective Predicate 

to denote Purpose after verbs signifying to give, take, 

send, leave, as: 

curare, to take care accipere, to receive 

dare, to give permittere, to permit 

relinquere, to leave locare, to let, lease 

mittere, to send conducere, to contract for 
patriam diripiendam relinqui- we leave our country to be 
mus plundered. 

3. The Gerundive of verbs governing the accusative 
is frequently used instead of the Gerund in the fol- 
lowing manner: 

The Accusative is put in the same Case as the Gerund. 
The Gerund is then changed into the Gerundive. 

The Gerundive is made to agree with the Substantive in Gender, 
Number and Case; thus: 

Gerund. Gerundive. 

Gen. scribendi epistiilam scribendae epistulae 

Dat. scribendo epistiilam scribendae epistulae 

Ace ad scribendum epistiilam ad scribendam epistiilam 

Abl. scribendo epistiilam scribenda epistiila 

4. The Genitive of the Gerund or Gerundive is 

used with nouns and adjectives, as: 

ars vivendi, the art of living equitandi peritus, skillfull in riding 
consilium urbis delendae, a civitatis regendae peritus, skill- 
plan for destroying the city ful in governing the state. 



131 — 



Very common are causa and gratia, on account of, for the 
sake of, for the purpose of (with the Genitive of Gerund and 
Gerundive) to point out design or purpose, as: 
memoriae exercendae gratia, for the sake of exercising the memory. 

5. The Dative of the Gerund or Gerundive may be 

used with adjectives of fitness, such as: 
utilis, -e, useful, good aptiis, -a, -urn, adapted, suited 
inutilis, -e, useless, unfit Idoneiis, -a, -urn, fit, suitable, suited, 

to denote the object for which; but the more common 
construction of these adjectives is that of the Ac- 
cusative with ad, to, thus: 

aqua utilis bibendo, water good for drinking 

charta inutilis ad seribendum, paper unfit to write upon. 

6. The Accusative of the Gerund and Gerundive 
is most frequently used after ad, to, denoting pur- 
pose, as: 

ad colendos agros, for cultivating the fields 

me vocas ad seribendum, you summon me to write 

propensus ad discendum, inclined to learn. 

7. The Ablative of the Gerund and Gerundive is 

used as Ablative of means or instrument, and most 

frequently after the preposition In, in, as: 

mens discendo alitur, the mind is nourished by learning 
moderatio in jocando, restraint in joking. 



gesto, - are, to carry 
perdisco, -ere, to learn 
specto, -are, to inquire into 
Creta, -ae, Crete 
Minos, ois, Minos 
contendo, -ere, to 'proceed 
consplcio, -ere, to see 
moenia, -mm, (city) walls 
pono, -ere, to erect 
facultas, -atis, a means 



litterarum elementa, the ele- 
ments of education 
laboro, -are, to take pains 
dissuadeo, -ere, to dissuade 
sibi conciliate, to draw upon 

one's, self 
confirmo, -are, to establish 
pelluctdus, -a, -urn, clear 
reddo, -ere, to reflect 
velut, so to speak 



aqua. nitrOsa (-ae -ae), alkaline water 



— 132 — 

Multi propter glorlae cupiditatem cupidi sunt bellOrum ge- 
rendorum. Boves oneribus gestandis non sunt idonei. Pytha- 
goras Babylonem ad perdiscendos siderum motus origmemque 
mundi spectandam profectus est. Inde Cretam et Lacedae- 
mona ad cognoscendas Minois et Lycurgi leges contendit. Ab 
oppugnanda Neapoli Hannibalem deterruerunt conspecta moe- 
nia. Monumenta ponuntur admirationis, venerationis, caritatis 
testandae gratia. In primis litterarum elementis doeendis 
saepe parum laboratur. Suadendo et dissuadendo jam multi 
inimicitias sibi conciliaverunt. Philosophi in iis ipsis libris, 
quos de contemnenda gloria scribunt, nomma sua inscrlbunt. 
Cimon paciS inter Athenienses et Lacedaemonios confirmandae 
causa Spartam contendit. Natura nobis facultatem dedit nos- 
met ipsos videndi; fons culque pellucidus imaginem suam red- 
dit. Musicam nattira ipsa videtur velut muneri nobis dedisse 
ad tolerandos facilius labores. Aqua nitrosa utilis est bibendo. 

292, occultus, -&, -fim, secret In iis, therein [with 

consuetude, -mis, habit versor, -arl in, to have to do 

rellgiO, -onis, religion plus virium, more energy 

impliis, -a, -urn, impious afferrS ad, to bring to 

inemorlam augere, to improve delibSratid, -onis, deliberation 

the memory gSnus vltae, a line of life 

per sS, as such rectus, -si, -tim, straight 

Many are more desirous of buying books than of reading 
them. He who is not skilled in governing a house will be far 
less fit for ruling a state. Secret enmities are more to be 
feared than open ones. The habit of disputing against relig- 
ion is bad and impious. New friends ought not to be preferred 
to old ones. I return the greatest thanks to my parents be- 
cause they took care [me to be instructedj that I was in- 
structed. The only art of improving the memory is practice. 
We came into the garden for the sake of taking a walk. 
Virtues as such ought to be practised, and therein we must 
follow duty, not advantage. Justice has to do with protect- 
ing human society and giving to every one his own. Amuse- 
ments will benefit boys, because boys after amusements bring 
more energy to their studies (discere). The deliberation 



— 133 — 

on choosing a line of life is the most difficult of all. Remember 
that youth is the time for [of] learning. We ought to pray 
that we may have a sound mind in a sound body. Men should 
never depart from the straight way. 

293. Supine. 

The Supines are verbal nouns of the Fourth De- 
clension, having only the accusative and ablative 
singular, as: amatiim, amatu, to love. 

The Former Supine (in tim) is used after verbs of motion to ex- 
press the purpose of the motion; it has an active meaning, as: 
venio te rogatum, I come to ask you. 

With the passive infinitive Irl (lit. to be gone) the Supine in tim 
forms the Future Infinitive Passive, amatum Irl, to be about to be loved 
{121, 5.) 

The Latter Supine (in u) has a passive meaning; it is used only 
with a few Adjectives denoting ease or difficulty, pleasure or dis- 
pleasure, right or wrong; with the nouns fas, right, ngfas, wrong, 
sometimes with 5pus, need, as: 
quid est tarn jucundum auditu ? what is so agreeable in hearing? 



spect5, -ar$, to view, look at humanitas, -atis, humanity 

Olympiciis, -&, -tim, Olympian mansiietudS, -Inis, mildness 

Fabitis Pictdr (-1 -oris), Fa- Hadriimettim, -I, Hadrumetum 

bias Pictor Zam&, -ae, Zama 

sciscitdr, -ari, to inquire mille passuum (1000 paces), a mile 

sacrlficltim, -I, a sacrifice rector, -oris, a master 

placo, -are, to appease Tusculanum, -I, aTusculanJann 

r£fer5, -re, to tell, relate saluto, -are, to pay one's respects 

Innumeros homines constat olim profectos esse in Graeciam 
spectatum ludos Olympicos. Bello Punico secundo Fablus 
Pictor Delphos ad oractilum missus est sciscitatum, quibus 
precibus sacrificlisque dii placari possent. Quae tibi jucunda 
sunt relatu, saepe alteri minime jucunda sunt auditu. Pom- 
peius fuit tanta humanitate, ut difficile dictu sit, utrum hostes 
magis virttltem ejus timuerint, an mansuetudmem dilexerint 
Mulieres spectatum veniunt, venlunt spectentur ut ipsae. 



— 134 — 

Orator em eum puto, qui verbis ad audiendum jucundis uti 
potest. Nonne ipsi videtis. quid in hoc negotio dictu factu- 
que opus sit ? Hannibal — incredibile dictu — biduo et dua- 
bus noctibus Hadrumetum pervenit, quod distat a Zama circiter 
millia passiium trecenta. Virtus difficilis inventu est; rector em 
ducemque desiderat; sed vitia etiam sine magistro discuntur. 
Quid est tarn jucundum audltu quam sapientibus sententtis 
ornata oratio ? Cicero Romam profecturus erat ludos specta- 
tum, cum amlci ad eum salutandum in Tusculanum venerunt. 

294. • Equivalents of the Supine. 

The Former Supine, as an expression of purpose, is not very 
common, its place being supplied in various ways. Thus the sen- 
tence: 

The Carthaginians sent ambassadors to sue for peace, 
may be rendered: 

Supine. Carthaginienses legatos miserunt pacem petituni . 

^•fii ^l i ^* ie g^tos miserunt ad pacem petendam. 

-.'jC. legatos miserunt pacis petendae causa, 
causa v. 

Fut. Part. C. legatos miserunt pacem petituros. 

ut w. Subj. C. legatos miserunt, ut pacem peterent. 

qui w. Subj. C. legatos miserunt, qui pacem peterent. 

The use of the Latter Supine is confined to a few verbs, as: dictu, 
to tell; factii, to do; audltu, to hear; vlsu, to see. With facilis, dif- 
ficilis, jucundus, the construction of ad with the gerund is more 
common, as: 

res est facilis ad cognoscendum (cognitu), the thing is easy to knoiv. 



gratulor, -ari, to congratulate Aedui, -orum, the Aedui 

ArgT, -orum, Argos florens, -tis, in blossom 

concedo, -ere, to retire convenio, -ire, to croiud 

Yejentes, -mm, the people of Veji pirum, -I, a pear 

orator, -oris, an envoy usitatus, -a, -tim, usual 

Do you wish to go with me to hunt ? I know that many 
have come to me, not to congratulate me, but for the sake of 
eating and drinking. Hannibal was recalled to defend his 



— 135 — 

country. This book is most difficult to understand. The 
shorter a narrative is, the clearer it is and the easier to un- 
derstand. What is pleasanter to hear tnan a fine speech? 
Themistocles, when, after being expelled by the Athenians, he 
had left his country, retired to Argos to live there. The people 
ofVeji sent envoys to Rome to sue for peace. Few women 
had come to look, most came that they might be looked at. 
The Aedui sent ambassadors to Caesar to ask assistance. You 
yourselves will see what is best to be done, my friends. What 
is more beautiful to see than a tree in blossom? A vast 
multitude of men crowded into the city to view the public 
games. Pears are sweet to the taste. Nothing is more agree- 
able to hear than the counsels of faithful friends. Merchants 
go to market either to buy or to sell various wares. Let us 
ask what is best to be done, not what is the most usual. 

295. Co-ordinate Conjunctions. 

The following Particles are called Copulative Con- 
junctions: 

et, -que, atque (ac), and 

neque, and not 

etiam, quoque, also 
et is simply and, the most common and general copulative, and 
connects independent words and clauses without any additional 
meaning; -que, affixed to the word it annexes, combines things that 
belong closely to one another; atque adds a more important to a 
less important member. The following may serve as an example to 
illustrate the various usages: 

dies et noctes means days and nights, simply; 
dies noctesque " days and nights, as a whole; 
dies atque noctes " days and (also) nights. 

furem fur cognoscit, et lupus thief knows thief, and wolf 

lupum knows wolf 

dum vires annlque sinunt, tole- work while your strength and 

rate laborem years permit you 

intra moenla atque in sinu urbis within the walls and even in 

sunt hostes the heart of the city are the 

enemies. 



— 136 — 

&c does not stand before a vowel or h; atquS either before 
vowels or consonants. They generally mean as, than, after adjectives 
and adverbs of likeness and unlikeness, as: aeque &c, as much as, 
equally as; seeiis &c, Sliter atquS, otherwise than. 

gtiam (lit. and farther) even, yet, still, adds a new circumstance 
and generally precedes the words to which it belongs; quoque, so 
also, which refers only to a single word and follows that word, im- 
plies a sameness in the whole, as : 

etiam mendlcus mendico invidet even the beggar 'envies the beggar 

otia corpus alunt, animus quo- rest strengthens the body, the 

que pascitur illis mind, too, is thus supported. 

Several Subjects or Objects, standing in the same 
relations, 

either take St throughout: polysyndeton, joined in various ways; 
or omit it throughout: asyndeton, unconnected; 
or take que only before the last member, thus: 

summa fide et constantia et justitia ) #Jt , JT M M m . - 

summa fide, constantia, justitia [ Wlth he ^f*. f atth > 

summa fide, constantia justitlaque ) constanc y and justice. 

et is used after niulti followed by another adjective, where in 
English and is usually omitted; as: multae et magnae arbores, 
many large trees. 

In the second member of a sentence and not is expressed by 
neque, as: dicunt, nee dubltant, they say and do not doubt Mark 
the following Idiomatic Expressions: 

and no one nSquS quisquam nor any one 

and no ngquS ullus nor any 

and nothing nSqug quidquam nor any thing 

and never nequS unquam nor ever 

The following are Disjunctive Conjunctions: 

aut, vel, -ve, sive (seu), or. 

aut, or, denotes absolute exclusion or substitution, as: 
vinceris aut vincis, you are conquered or conquering. 

vel (lit. you may choose) gives a choice, often with etiam, even, 
pStius, rather, as: 

hie popiilus indomitus vel potius this untamable or rather savage 
immanis people . 



— 13T — 

-vfi which is always affixed to another word, is only a weaker 
form of v£l, as: plus minusvS, more or less. 

sivS (seu), if you choose, indicates merely an alternative of 
words, as: 
discessus sivS potius turpissima the decampment, or rather the 
fiiga most shameful flight 



suspectSs, -&, -tim, suspected vex5, -arg, to rack 

rapio, -€r£, to hurry architectus, -I, a maker 

Dio, -onis, Bio rectdr, -oris, a ruler 

indulges, -er€, to favor sanitas, -atis, recovery 

cedo, -$r&, to slide away ferculiim, -I, a dish 

Italiam petSrS, to make for Italy abdomen, -Inis, the abdomen 

regnum constitute, to establish intestln&,-5rum, the intestines 

a kingdom forma, -ae, figure 

pessime, utterly Parthfls, -I, a Parthian 
comminiis, hand to hand 

Tyrannis amici quoque suspecti sunt. Opinionibus vulgi 
rapimur in errorem nee vera cernimus. Ratio docet, quid fa- 
ciendum fugiendumque sit. Dionysms tyrannus Dioni maxime 
indulsit neque eum secus dilexit ac fratrem suum. Horae ce- 
dunt et dies et menses et anni, nee praeteritum tempus un- 
quam revertitur, nee quid sequatur sciri potest. Aeneas Trojam 
rellquit Italiamque petlvit. Etiam in Italia Aeneae magna pe- 
riciila imminebant, sed haec quoque vicit et regnum in Italia 
constituit. Verres Siciliam per tres annos pessime vexavit ac 
perdidit. Deus solus potest esse architectus et rector caeli et 
terrae. Hadrianus uno eodemque tempore audlre, scribere, 
dictare, loqui poterat. Tempora mutantur, nos et mutamur 
in illis. Romani leges, quas senatus populusque sanxerat, 
aeneis tabulis inciderunt. Nihil aeque sanitatem impedit, ac 
remediorum crebra mutatio. Multos morbos ac medicos multa 
fercula fecerunt. In superiore corporis parte seu pectore est 
cor et pulmo; in inferiOre seu abdomine est stomachus cum 
intestlnis. Stulti sunt, qui forma opibusve superbtunt. Parthi 
commmus in acie proeliari aut obsessas urbes vi expugnare 
nesciverunt. Triginta tyranni circumsteterunt SocrStem nee 
potugrunt animum eius infringere. 



— 138 — 

296. 16quacitas,-atis, loquacity diligens, -tis, a lover 

liisiis, -us, gaming Pluto, -onis, Pluto, the god of 

bell 6 domare, to subdue in war the infernal regions 

ampliflco, -are, to enlarge alTud . . almd,cme thing . . another 

Thebanus, -I, a Theban diripio, -ere, to plunder 

God sees and rules all things. Our mind is immortal and 
will not perish along with the body. Avoid avarice, loquacity, 
gaming, hatred and the rest of vices. Ancus Marcius subdued 
the Latins in war, enlarged the city of Rome and surrounded 
it with new walls. We had rather be poor and honest than 
rich and wicked. Naked I came into this world and naked I 
shall return. Virtue is highly to be valued even in an enemy. 
Hannibal was forced to leave Carthage and never returned. 
Aristides among the Athenians and Epaminondas among the 
Thebans are said to have been such (adeo) lovers of truth, 
that they never told a lie even in joke. " I hate that man 
who says one thing and thinks another/' Achilles used to say, 
41 as much as I do the gates of Pluto." The Romans carried 
on severe wars against the Gauls and Spaniards. Xerxes 
before the naval battle in which he was defeated by Themis- 
tocles had sent four thousand [of] armed men to plunder the 
temple of Apollo; as if he were carrying on war, not only with 
the Greeks, but also with the immortal gods. All things have 
been well ordained by nature, or rather by God. Be what you 
appear to be. There is nothing new under the sun ! 

297. Co-ordinate Conjunctions (continued). 
The following are Adversative Conjunctions: 

auteni, sed, verum, vero, at, but 
atqui, but for all that 
tamen, nevertheless 
eeterum, for the rest 

The weakest of them all in adversative power is autem which is 
only used to connect sentences, and commonly follows the first word. 

spiritus promptus, caro autem the spirit is willing, but the 
infirma. flesh is weak. 



1 



— 139 — 

sed has two meanings; after affirmative sentences it is equiva- 
lent to but (yet); after negative sentences to but (on the contrary). 

homo proponit, sed Deus dispo- man proposeth, but God dis- 

nit poseth 

non opus est verbis, sed fustibus there is no need of words, but 

of knocks, 

verura, it is true, true, always takes the first place in the sen- 
tence; vero, in truth, is generally put in the second place: 
verum praeterita omittamus but let us lay aside past things 

illud vero plane ferendum non but this, indeed, is not at all to 
est be suffered. 

at is stronger than sed; and atqui, but for all that is even 
stronger again: 

populus me sibilat, at mihi the mob may hiss me, but Icon- 

plaudo gratulate myself 

o rem difficilem, inquis, et in- a hard case, you say, and an 

explicabilem. Atqui expli- inexplicable one. And never- 

canda est theless it ought to be explained. 

tamen, yet, nevertheless, is the usual correlative of a concessive 
conjunction; generally it comes first unless a particular word is to 
be made emphatic: 

naturam expellas furca, tamen usque reeurret, you may drive out 
nature with a pitchfork, for all that she will ever be returning. 

The Causal Conjunctions are: 

nam, enim, namque, etenim, for 

nam is always put at the beginning, enim always follows the 
first word, of the sentence; namque and etenlm are commonly 
put in the first place. 

The Illative Conjunctions are: 

itaque, lgltur, ergo, therefore 
ideo, idcirco, on that account 
proinde, accordingly 

itaque is put at the beginning of the sentence and is used of 
facts; lgltur follows one or more words in its clause, and is used 
of opinions; ergo, consequently, denotes necessary consequence 
and is more emphatic than lgltur; it is put at the beginning of the 
sentence or after an emphatic word, proinde is only employed in 
exhortations: 



— 140 — 



quot homines, tot sententlae; 

falli igitur possumus 
negat haec filiam me suam esse ; 

non ergo haec mater mea est 

proinde fac magno ammo sis! 



many men, many minds; there- 
fore we may be mistaken 

she says that I am not her 
daughter, therefore she is 
not my mother 

accordingly, be of good cheer! 



neque is used for non with the conjunctions: enim, vero, 
t&men, lgittir, thus: 



neque enim, for not 
neque tamen, yet not 



neque vero, but not 
neque igitur, therefore not 



Astyages, -is, Astyages 
Harpagus, -1, Rarpagus 
saltus, -us, the wood 
permuto, -are, to exchange 
convlvlum, -1, a feast 
probo, -are, to judge 



derelictiS, -onis, a disregard 

mlliius, -T, a kite 

quoddam bellum naturals, a Arind 

of natural warfare 
contineo, -ere, to contain 
conjuratus, -I, a conspirator 



Cyrus infans ab Astyage traditus est Harpago, ut in salti- 
bus exponeretur. At sors ejus cum sorte parvuli regii pasto- 
ris permutata est; ipse enim pro filio pastoris educatus, ille 
pro nepote regis exposltus est. Amicus in convivio non 
cognoscitur; errat igitur, qui amicum in convivio probat. 
Communis utilitatis derelictio contra naturam est; est enim 
injusta. Miluo est quoddam bellum naturale cum corvo; ergo 
alter alterlus, ubicunque nactus est, ova frangit. Minus curare 
sol&nus quod adest quam quod futurum est, quia quod adest, 
oculis videmus, sed nesclmus, quid futurum sit. Omnes res 
intereunt, non in nihllum, sed in suas partes. Quod est bonum, 
omne laudabile est; quod autem laudabile est, omne est hone- 
stum; bonum igitur quod est, honestum est. Corpus quasi vas 
est animi; hie enim corpore continetur, ut aqua vase. Stellae 
omnes, quae infixae caelo esse videntur, moventur tamen. Non 
acerba, sed blanda timeas verba. A conjuratis Caesar ipse 
quidem trucidatus, neque tamen ejus testamentum abolitum 
erat. Est tempus quando nihil, est tempus quando aliquid, 
nullum tamen est tempus in quo dicenda sunt omnia. 



— 141 — 

298. ciipld5, -InJs, craving for alvSiis, -i, a hive 

more artificiostts, -a, -Hm, artificial 

parum, little serpens, -tis, a serpent 

gratiosus, -&, -urn, liked tempore, -urn, the temples 

attendo, -ere, to mind ing£nium, -I, natural disposi- 

falll, to be mistaken txon 

acquIrO, -ere, to acquire 

Although the Romans were the conquerors of almost the 
whole world, nevertheless their craving for more was not yet 
satisfied. Not he who has little, but he who desires more than 
he has, is poor. Virtue cannot be obtained by wealth, but 
wealth can by virtue. Because nature cannot be changed, 
therefore true friendships are eternal. If you want to be liked, 
be grateful; for all hate an ungrateful person. God has not a 
body, and on that account although he is everywhere he can no- 
where be seen. Mind conscience more than public opinion; for 
public opinion can often be mistaken, conscience never. Ario- 
vistus had crossed the Rhine, not of his own accord, but having 
been requested and summoned by the Gauls. Tears mostly 
indicate sorrow, but sometimes also joy. We have all been 
born; consequently we shall also die. The hives of bees are 
most artificial; nothing, however, is sweeter or more whole- 
some than honey. Nature has given serpents dull eyes and 
has placed them, not in the forehead, but in the temples. Wis- 
dom is acquired, not by age, but by natural disposition. 

299. Corresponsive Conjunctions. 

Some Conjunctions frequently have a Correlative in 

the preceding clause, to which they correspond. 

Copulative. 
8t..St, both., and nequS.ngquS ) either nor 

cum . . ttim, both., and especially n$c . . nee I 

modd. . modd \ nQW nQW ngque. .-qug, on the one hand 

nunc . . nunc f not . . and on the other 

turn . . turn, then . . then et . . neque, on the one hand . . 

tftm. quam, both.. and and on the other hand not 

non solum . . sed £ti&m ) 

non mddd. . sed eti&m > not only . . but also 

non tantum .g£d €tl&m ) 



— 142 — 



Disjunctive. 
aut. .aut 
vel. .vel 
sive . . sive, whether . . or 



either, .or 



Comparative. 
iit.. it& ) as 

quSni admodiim . . ItS. J so 



mulceo, -ere, to tame 
ducto, -are, to draw after 
urge©, -ere, to press 
ingruo, -ere, to break into 
imbiio, -ere, to stain> 
imperimn, -I, power 



amorem conciliare, to gain love 
futura prospicere, to look into 

the future 
expetendus, -a, -lira, desirable 
proprium est, it is the mark 
stultissimus, the biggest of fools 



Cotidie tnutamur, nee quod sumus,fuimus, nee eras ermms. 
Olim et a regibus et a filiis regum agricultura exercebatur. 
Orpheus cantu suo non feras modo mulcebat, sed saxa etiam 
silvasque ductabat. Plebs Romana et inopla et militia urge- 
batur. Metus ingruit in domicilia tarn divltum quam paupe- 
rum. Quis ignoret sceleratissimum ilium Imperatorem Kero- 
nem, cujus impiae manus cum multorum aliorum turn ipsius 
matris sanguine imbtitae sunt ? Haec lex inter amlcos sancta 
esto, ut nee rogent turpia nee faciant rogati. Aut imperii aut 
divitiarum causa bella fere omnia inter mortales orta sunt. 
Tarn diligentia quam probitate amorem hominum conciiiamus. 
Sapiens videt non solum praesentia ac memoria tenet praete- 
rita, sed etiam futura prospicit. Sine virtute neque amicitiam 
neque ullam rem expetendam consequi possumus. Et monere 
et moneri proprium est verae amicitlae. Quemadmodum stul- 
tus est, qui equum empturus non ipsum inspicit, sed stratum 
ejus ae frena, sic stultissimus est, qui homlnem ex veste 
aestimat. 



300. profecto, in fact 
gero, -ere, to do 

vis, -, violence 
oleS, -ae, an olive 
provenio, 



Tre, to thrive 



educatid, -onis, education 



rodo, -ere, to carp at 
expeto, -ere, to search out 
viri nobiles, the nobles 
mollis, -e, effeminate nihil laborare, to do no work 

vigilo, -are, to wake 

There is in fact a God who both hears and sees what we do. 
An injury is done in two ways, either by violence or by fraud. 



— 143 — 

I cannot He, nor if I could would I desire. Tullus Hostilius 
was not only unlike the last king, but even more warlike than 
Romulus. The tiger fears neither the lion nor the elephant. 
Many men can neither read nor write. Pure water has neither 
taste nor smell nor color. What birds can both swim and fly ? 
Olives and vines thrive neither in very cold nor in very hot 
countries. You violate not only human but also divine law by 
perjury. They are justly despised who do good neither to 
themselves nor to others. Fortune can neither give nor take 
away probity from any one. An effeminate education breaks 
the nerves of both body and mind. Envy carps at not only 
the living but also the dead. Accustom yourself both to speak 
the truth and to hear it. Not only fortune helps the brave, as it 
is in an old proverb, but much more reason. Virtue alone will 
never perish, therefore we must search it out. The nobles can 
either corrupt or correct the morals of the state. You do no 
work, therefore you have nothing. Many indeed know what 
is just, but they do it not. Whether we work or play, or sleep 
or wake, our life doth pass. 



145 — 



VOCABULARIES 

of all Latin and English words occurring in the Examples and Exercises 
with their special meanings as used in this book. 

1. LATIN AND ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 

Note. Changeable parts of words are printed in bold-faced type, 
so as to indicate the manner of forming the genitive, the gender endings, 
and the principal parts of verbs. 

The -, simply added to a noun, indicates that the genitive is like the 
nominative. 

(m.), (f.), (n.), (pi.) mean: masculine, feminine, neuter, plural, re- 
spectively. 

The signs of quantity are given, unless the syllable is long by position 
{1, 5), or contains a diphthong (6, 3). 



a, ab (with abl.), from, by 
abditus, -a, -urn, hid 
abdomen, -mis (n.), the abdomen 
abduco, abduxi, abductum, ab- 

ducere, to carry away; to take 
aberro, -avT, -atum, -are, to go 

astray 
abhinc, ago 
abhorreo, -til, (no sup.), -erS, to 

differ; to be averse 
abluO, abliii, abluttim, abluere, 

to wash (off) 
aboleo, abOlevi, abolituin, 



abo- 



lere, to abolish 



abscindo, abscidi, abscissum, ab- 

seindere, to cut off 
abscondo, abscond!, abscondi- 

tiim, abscondere, to hide 
absens, -tis, absent 
absolvo, absolvi, absoliitum, ab- 

solvere, to acquit, finish 
absque* (with abl), without 
abstinens, -tis, under restraint 



abstinentia, -ae (f.), moderation 
abstineo, abstinGT, abstentuni, 
abstinere, to keep from, to ab- 
stain; abstinere mantis, to keep 
one's hands from 
absumo, absumpsi, absumptum, 
absumere, to use up; incendiO 
absumere, to destroy by fire 
abundantia, -ae (f.), overflow 
abundo, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

abound, have abundance 
abusus, -us (m.), abuse 



abusus sum, abut!, to 



abutor, 
abuse 

ac, and 

accedo, access!, accessum, ac- 
c6dere, to proceed; ad impe- 
rlum accSdere, to come to the 
throne; accede, come here 

acceptus, T a, -urn, received; ac- 
ceptable 

accido, accidi, (no sup.), accidere, 
to happen, occur 

accio, -!v!, -!tum, -!re, to call 
in 



— 146 — 



acclpio, aceepi, aeceptiim, acci- 

pere, to receive, take, accept; 

to hear 
accommodates, -a, -tim, adapted, 

convenient 
accomniodo, -avi, -atiim, -are, 

to adjust 
accuratus, -a, -"Sin, accurate 
acciiso, -avi, -atiim, -are, to 

accuse, charge 
acer, -ris, -re, keen, sharp, 

hitter; acerrlmus, ardent 
acerbiis, -a, -um, bitter; acer- 

buni, -I (n.), a calamity 
acervus, -i (ra.), a heap 
aeetum, -I (n.), vinegar 
Achilles, -is (m.), Achilles, the 

celebrated Grecian hero 
acies, -ei (f.), a (line of) battle 
acqulro, acqulsivi, acquisitiim, 

acquirer e, to acquire 
aculeus, -1 (m.), a sting 
acuo, acui, acutum, acuere, to 

sharpen 
ad (with accu8.), to, near, until 
add5, -MI, -itiim, -ere, to add 
adeo, so, so much 
adeo, adii, aditiim, adire, to 

reach 
adesse" see adsum 
adhaereo, adhaesi, adhaesiim, 

adhaerere, to be joined 
adhibeo, -iii, -ltum, -ere, to 

apply 
adhinnio, -Ivi, -ltum, -ire, to 

neigh to 
adhortor, -attis sum, -ari, to 

exhort 
adimo, adSnii, ademptum, adi- 

mere, to take away 
adipiscor, adeptus sum, adipisci, 

to acquire 



adjlcio, adjeci, adjecttim, adji- 
cere, to add 

adjuvo, adjuvi, adjutum, adjii- 
vare, to assist, abet 

administratis, -onis (f.), govern- 
ment 

administro, -avi, -atiim, -are, 
to govern 

admlrabilis, -e, wonderful 

admiratiO, -onis (f.), admiration 

admiror, -atus sum, -ari, to ad- 
mire, wonder at 

admisceo, admisoui, admixtiim, 
admiscere, to commingle, to 
add 

admodam, in a high degree, very 

admoneo, -iii, -itiim, -ere, to 
remind 

adnionitiO, -oms~(f.), a warning 

adolescens see adulescens 

adorior, adortiis sum, adoriri, 
to attack 

adspectus, -us (m.), appearance 

adspergo see aspergo 

adspicio, adspexi, adspeetuni, 
adspicere, to see 

adsum, adfui, adesse, to be pre- 
sent, to be at hand 

adulescens, -tis (m.), a youth; 
young. "Written also adolescens 

advenio, adveni, adventum, ad- 
venire, to approach, arrive 

adversaria, -ae (f), an enemy 

adversaries, -I (m.), an enemy 

adversus, adversum (with accus.), 
against, towards 

adversiis, -a, -urn, adverse; un- 
favorable; res adversae, casus 
adversi, adversity; adversa for- 
tuna, bad fortune 

aedes, -is (f.), a temple 

aedificiiim, -I (n.), a building 



— 147 — 



aedifico, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

build 

Aedui,-oriim (m. pi.), theAedui, 
a tribe in Gaul 

aeger,-r&,-rum, sick, ill; a pa- 
tient; aegre pati, to be grieved 

aegritudo, -mis (f.), sickness 

aegrotfis, -a, -um, sick 

Aegyptius, -I (m.), an Egyptian 

Aegyptus, -i (f.), Egypt 

aemulor,-atussum,-ari,fo emu- 
late 

aemulus, -I (m.), a rival 

Aeneas, -ae (m.), Aeneas, an- 
cestor of the Romans 

aeneus, -a, -um, brass- 

aequalis, - (m.), a contemporary 

aequaliter, equally 

aequS, equally; aeque ac, as much 
as, equally as 

aequo, -avi, -atum, -are\ to 
be equal 

aequiis,-a, -lim, even t just 

aer, aeris (m.), the air 

aestas, -atis (f.), the summer 

aestimo,-avi, -atum, -are (ex), 
to estimate, to value; magnl 
aestimare, to value highly; 
pliiris aestimare, to esteem of 
more value; pluriml aestimare, 
to value very highly; parvi 
aestimare, to esteem lightly 

aestlviis, -&, -um, belonging to 
the summer; summer- 

aetas, -atis (f.), an age 

aeternus, -&, -iim, eternal 

affatim, plenty 

affero, attuli, allatum, afferre, 
to bring to; utilitatem, m Cuius 
afferrS, to render service 

afficio, affed, affectum, afficgre, 
to treat, affect 



affirmo, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

affirm 

AfricS, -ae (f.), Africa 

Agamemnon, -onis (m.), Aga- 
memnon, commander in chief 
of the Grecian forces before 
Troy 

age, come 

ager, -ri (m.), a field, land 

Aggsilaus, -I (m.), Agesilaus, 
one of the Spartan kings 

agger, -is (m.), a mound 

ago, egi, actum, agere, to do, 
to act; gratias agere, to return 
thanks; vitam agere, to pass 
one's life; hiemem, aestatem 
agere, to spend the winter, 
summer; negotia agere, to 
transact affairs 

agricola, -ae (m.), a farmer, 
husbandman 

agricultura, -ae (f.), agriculture 

ajo, I say 

alauda, -ae (f.), a lark 

Alberttis, -I (m.), Albert 

Alclbiades, -is (m.), Alcibiades, 
an Athenian general 

Alexander, -ri (m.), Alexander 

Alexandria, -ae (f.), Alexandria 

alibi, elsewhere 

alienigena, -ae (m.), a stranger 

alieno, -avi, -atum, -are, to 
alienate 

aliSnus, -&, -um, of others, 
strange; foreign; ignis aliSnus, 
a fire abroad; alien&, -orum 
(pi. n.), the property of others 

alioqui, otherwise 

aliquamdm, some time 

aliquando, some time, at some 
time 

aliquantO, some more 



— 148 — 



aliquantiim, somewhat 

aliquis, aliqua, aliquid, altquod, 
some one, some, any one; all- 
quid, something, anything, 
more or less 

aliquot, some 

aliter, otherwise; aliter atque, 
otherwise than 

alius, -a, -ud, other, another; 
nihil almd, nothing else; alms. . 
alius, one .. another ; all!.. alii, 
some . . otliers; alia omnia, any- 
thing else 

alo, aim, alitum or altum, alere, 
to keep 

Alpes, -lum (pi. f.), the Alps 

alter, -a, -urn, the other (of two), 
one of two; alter Romulus, a 
second Romulus; altero tanto, 
twice as much 

altus, -a, -um, high, deep 

al veils, -! (m.), a hive 

alviis, -I (f.), the belly 

amans, -tis, fond 

ambo, -ae, -o, both 

ambulo, -avi, -atum, -are, to 
take a walk, to walk 

America, -ae (f.), America 

amlcltla, -ae (f.), friendship 

amicus,-! (in.), a friend; friendly 

amitto, amis!, amissum, amit- 
tere, to lose 

amnis, - (m.), a river [like 

amo, -avi, -atum, -are, to love, 

amor, -oris (m.), love 

ampllfico, -avi, -atum, -are, 
to enlarge 

amplius, more 

amplus, -a, -um, roomy 

amputo, -avi, -atum, -are, to 
cut off 



an5s, -atis (f.), a duck 

Ancharlus, -1 (m.), Ancharius f 
a Roman family name 

Anchises, -ae (in.), Anchises, 
father of Aeneas 

Ancus Marclus, -l -I (m.), An- 
cus Marcius, the fourth king 
of Rome 

Angllcus, -&, -iim, English 

angiiliis, -I (m.), a corner 

angustus, -a, -um, narrow 

anima, -ae (f.), the soul 

animadverts, -animadvert!, ani- 
madversum, animadvertere, 
to see 

animal, -alis (n.), an animal 

anlmans, -tis (m. f. & n.), a liv- 
ing being 

animus, -! (m.), the mind, soul, 
spirit; anlmos dSmittere, to be 
disheartened 

annon, or not 

annus, -! (m.), a year 

anser, -is (m.), a goose 

ante (with accus.), before 

antea, before (that), formerly 

antegredior, antegressus sum, 
antegredi, to precede 

antepono, anteposui, anteposi- 
tum, ant ep oner e, to prefer 

antequam, before that, before 

Antlochiis, -I (m.), Antiochus 

antlqultas, -atis (f.), antiquity 

antiquitus, anciently 

antlquus, -a, -iim, ancient, early; 
antiqu!, -oruni, the ancients 

Antoninus Plus, -! -i (m.), An- 
toninus Pius, a Roman em- 
peror 

Antonlus, -1 (m.), Anthony, a 
Roman family name 

anuliis, -i (m.), a ring 



149 — 



anxitis, -&, -um, anxious 
Apelles, -is (m.), Apelles, a 

distinguished Greek painter 
aper, -ri (m.), a wild boar 
apertus, -a, -dm, open 
apis, - (f.), a bee 
ApollO, -mis (m.), Apollo 
appareo, -ui, -itum, -ere, to 

appear; apparet, it is clear 
appellatia, -onis (f.), an appel- 
lation 
appello, -avi, -atiim, -are, to 

name, call, style; cognomine 

appellarS, to surname 
appeto,appetivi (-ii),appetitum, 

appgtere, to seek 
applied, -uf (-avi), -itum 

(-atiim), -are, to apply 
appropinquo, -avi, -atiim, -are, 

to approach 
aptiis, -a, -um, fitted, fitting, 

apt, suited, suitable 
apud (with accus.), among, with, 

at, near, before, in presence of; 

apud Plmmm, in Pliny 
aqua, -ae (f.), water 
aqulla, -ae (f.), an eagle 
Arabs, -abis (m.), an Arabian 
aranea, -ae (f.), a spider 
aratrum, -i (n.), a plow 
arbitror,-atus siim,-ari, to think, 

regard, consider, pronounce 
arbor, -is (f.), a tree 
Areas, -adis (m.), an Arcadian 
arcesso, arcessivi, arcessitum, 

arcessere, to summon 
Archimedes, -is (m.), A rchimedes 
architectus, -i (m.), a maker 
arcus, -us (m.), a bow 
Ardea, -ae (f.), Ardea 
ardenter, ardently [burn 

ardeo, arsi, arsiim, ardere, to 



area, -ae (f.), a piece of ground 
arena see harena 
Areopagus, -i (m.), the Areopagus 
Arganthonius, -i (m.), king Ar~ 

ganthonius 
argenteus, -a, -vim, silver 
argentum, -i (n.), silver; money 
Argi, -ortim (m.), Argos 
arguo, argui, argutum, arguerS, 

to accuse, charge with, prove 
Arion, -onis (m.), Arion 
Ariovistus, -i (m.), Ariovistus, 

a German king 
Aristaeus, -i (m.), Aristaeus 
Aristides, -is (m.), Aristides, 

renowned for his integrity 
Aristoteles, -is (m.), Aristotle, 

teacher of Alexander 
arma, -oriim (pi. n.), arms, 

weapons 
armatus, -i (m.), an armed man 
aro, -avi, -atiim, -ar€, to plow 
arrogantia, -ae (f), haughtiness 
ars, -tis (f.), an art; skill 
artifex, -icis (m.), an artist 
artificiosus, -&, -urn, artificial 
arx, -cis (f.), a citadel 
as, assis (m.), an as (Roman 

coin) ; a farthing 
ascendo, ascendi, ascensiim, 

ascender e, to climb up 
asellus, -i (in.), a donkey 
Asia, -ae (f.), Asia 
asinus, -i (m.), an ass 
asper, -&, ~iim, rough, sharp, 

harsh; fortuna aspera, a hard 

lot 
aspergo, aspersi, aspersiim, 

aspergere, to sprinkle 
assiduus, -a, -um, industrious 
asslmulo, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

feign 



— 150 



assufifaclo, -fed, -factum, -fa- 

c£re, to train 
assuesco, assuevi, assuetum, 

assuescere, to be accustomed, 

to accustom one's self 
Astyages, -is (m.), Astyages 
at, but 

Athenae, -arum (pi. f.), Athens 
Atheniensis, - (m.), an Athenian 
Atilius, -l (m.), Atilius 
atque, and 

atqui, exactly; but for all that 
atrox, -ocis, cruel 
Attalus, -l (m.), Attalus, king of 

Pergamos 
attendo, attend!, attentuui, at- 

tendere, to mind 
attentus, -a, -um, attentive 
Atticiis, -I (m.), Atticus, the in- 

timate friend of Cicero 
attingo, attigi, attactum, attin- 

gere, to touch, to set foot on 
attonitus, -a, -urn, stunned 
auctumnus see autumniis 
audax, -acis, daring 
audeo, ausiis sum, auder£, to 

dare, venture 
audio, -ivi, -itum,-ire, to hear; 

to hearken; male audire, to be 

in bad repute 
audltxis, -iis (m.), the organ of 

hearing 
aufugio, auftigi, (no sup.), aufii- 

gere, to flee aivay 
augeo, auxi, auctum, augere, 

to increase; augeri, to be in- 
creasing; memoriam auggre, 

to improve the memory 
Augustus, -I (m.), Augustus, the 

first emperor of JRome 
aurS, -ae (f.), a breeze 
aureus, -a, -urn, golden I 



aurls, - (f.), the ear 

auritus, -a, -urn, having ears; 

testis auritus, an ear-witness 
aurora, -ae (f.), the morning sun 
aurum, -I (n.), gold 
auscultans, -tis (m.), a hearer 
aut, or; aut . . aut, either . . or 
autem, but, yet 
autumniis, -l (m.), autumn 
auxilium,-i (n.), help, assistance, 

aid 
avaritia, -ae (f.) avarice 
avarus, -&, -ttm, greedy; ava- 

ras, -l (m.), a miser 
aviditas, -atis (f.), eagerness 
! avis, - (f.), a bird 
avolo, -avi, -atiim, -are, to fly 

off, away 
avunculus, -I (m.), an uncle 
axis, - (m.), an axis 

B. 

Babylon, -is (f.), Babylon 
Balearis, -e, Balearic 
barbarus, -I (m.), a barbarian 
beatus, -a,-um, happy, blessed 
Belgae, -arum (m.), the Belgians 
bellicosiis, -a, -urn, warlike 
bellum, -l (n.), war; bellum na- 
val e, naval warfare; bellum 
natiirale, natural warfare; 
belli domlque, in war and in 
peace; bello captus, a captive 
bene, well; bene Smere, to buy 
cheap; bene vendere, to sell 
dear 
benedico,-dixi, -dictum, -dicer e, 

to bless 
benef acttim, -I (n.), a favor 
beneficent la, -ae (f.), beneficence 
benef lcium, -l (n.), a benefit 
benignitas, -atis (f.), goodness 



— 151 — 



bestia, -ae (t), a beast [drink 
bibo, bibi, bibitum, blbere, to 
bidimm, -I (n.), two days 
bini", -ae, -a, two (at a time) 
bis, twice 

Bithyma, -ae (f.), Bithynia 
blandior, -Itus sum, -Iri, to 

soothe 
blandus, -a, -um, flattering 
bonum, -I (n.), a good; bona 
-orfim, blessings; good qual- 
ities 
bonus, -a, -una, good 
boreas, -ae (m.), the north-wind 
bos, bovls (m.), an ox 
brevis, -e, short 
bre vitas, -atis (f.), low stature 
Britannia, -ae (f.) , (Great) Britai n 
Brit annus, -I (m.), a Briton 
BrunG, -onis (m.), Bruno 
Brutus, -I (m.), Brutus 
bubuleus, -l (m.), a driver 

C. 

cado, cecidi, casuni, cadere, 
to fall 

eadiicus, -&, -um, drooping 

caeeus, -a, -um, blind 

caedo, cecidi, caesum, eaedere, 
to beat; flagellls eaedere, to 
scourge 

eaelestis, -e, heavenly] arciis 
eaelestis (m.), the rainbow 

caelum, -I (n.), heaven, the sky. 
Written also: coelum 

Caesar, -is (m.), Caesar 

( 'aesarlanus, -a, -tim, of Caesar 

ealamltas,-atis (f.), calamity 

ealcar, -axis (n.), a spur 

calefaclo, -feci, -factum, -fa- 
cere, to heat 

calidus, -a, -um, hot 



California, -ae (f.), California 
Caligula, -ae (m.), Caligula, a 

Roman emperor 
callidus, -a, -um, smart 
calvitium, -l (n.), baldness 
cameliis, -I (m.), a camel 
Camillus, -I (m.), Camillas 
Campaniis, -I (m.), a Campanian 
campus, -I (m.), a plain 
candidiis, -a, -um, white; hon- 
orable 
Caninius, -I (m.), Caninius, con- 
sul only one day 
canis, - (m.), a dog 
Cannae, -arum ( pi. f.), Cannae 
cano, cecini, cantuni, canere, to 

sing 
canto, -avT, -atum, -are, to 
sing; to chirrup (of the cricket) 
cantus, -us (m.), a song 
capillus, -l (m.), a hair 
eapio, cepl, captum, caperS, to 
take, catch, take prisoner; 
fructum capere, to gain ad- 
vantage 
Capitolium, -I (n.), the Capitol 
captus, -a, -um, captive; bello 

capttis, a captive 

caput, -ltis (n.), the head; capitis 

damnare, to condemn to death; 

judicium capitis, trial for life 

career, -is (m.), a prison 

careo, -ui, -ltum, -ere, to be 

or do without, to lack 
caritas, -atis (f.), love, affection 
car6, carnis (f.), flesh 
Carolus, ^1 (m.), Charles 
Carthaginiensis,-e,(7ar^a^inm?i 
Carthag5, -inis (f.), Cartilage 
carus, -a, -um, dear 
caseus, -I (m.), a cheese 
Cassius, -I (m.), Cassius 



— 152 



castellum, -1 (n.), a fort 
castigS, -avi, -atiiin, -ar€, to 

chastise; to discipline 

castrum, -I (n.), a fort; castr&, 
-orum, a camp 

casus, -us (m.), an accident, 
chance; casus adversi, adver- 
sity; casu, by chance 

catena, -ae (f.), a chain 

Catiline, -ae (m.), Catiline 

Cat6,-onis (m.), Goto; Cato major, 
Cato the elder 

cauda, -ae (f.), a tail 

caupd, -onis (m.), an innkeeper 

causa, -ae (f.), a cause, a trial; 
causa, on account, in conse- 
quence, for the sake of; sua 
ipslus causa, for one 1 sown sake 

cautius, more guardedly 

cautus, -a, -fim, cautious; cauta 
vulpes, the wily fox 

caveo, cavi, cautum, cavere, to 
be on one's guard, beware of, 
care for, take heed 

cavern a, -ae (f.), a hole 

cedo, cessi, cessum, cedSre, to 
glide away 

celeber, -ris, -re, famous, cele- 
brated 

celeritas, -atis (f.), swiftness, 
speed 

celeriter, quickly 

cell a penaria, -ae -ae (f.), a 

granary 
celo, -a vi, -atum, -are, to con- 
ceal from, to keep ignorant of 
cena, -ae (f.), dinner. Written 

also: coena 
ceno, -a vi, -atum, -are, to dine; 
cSnatus, -a, -urn, having 
dined, after dinner. Written 
also: coeno 



censeo, censtli, censum, cen- 

sere, to hold 
censor, -Oris (m.), a censor 
centum, a hundred 
Ceres, -eris (f.), Ceres, the god- 
dess of corn and tillage 
cerno, (erevi, eretiim), cernere, 

to see 
certamen, -Inis (n.), a contest 
certe, to be sure, certainly 
certus, -a, -urn, certain, sure 
cervix, -Icis (f.), the neck 
eStgri, -ae, -a, the rest, the 

other 
ceterum, for the rest 
ChIlo,-onis (m.), Chilo, one of the 

7 wise men 
Christianus, -I (m.), a Christian 
Christus, -I (m.), Christ 
cibus, -l (m.), food,* meat 
cicada, -ae (f.), a cricket 
CicerS, -onis (m.), Cicero 
ciconia, -ae (f.), a stork 
Clmon, -onis (m.), Cimon 
Cincinnatus, -I (m.), Cincinnatus 
circa (with accus.), around, about 
circiter (with accus.), about 
circum (with accus.), around,about 
circumdo, cireumdedi, circumdS- 
tum, circumdare, to surround 
circumspicio, -spexi, -spectum, 

-spicere, to look around 
circumsto, -steti, (no sup.), cir- 

cumstare, to stand around 
cis, citra (with accus.), on this side 
Cisalpinus, -a, -urn, Cisalpine 
cista, -ae (f.), a chest 
cito, soon, quickly 
civilis, -e, civil 
civis, - (m.), a citizen; fellow- 

citizen 
civitas, -atis (f.), a state; a city 



153 



clamo, -avi, -atum, -ar£, to 

cry out 

clarus, -a, -urn, bright, famous, 
illustrious, noted 

classls, - (f.), a fleet 

claudlco, -avi, -atum, -are, to 
limp 

claudo, clausi, clausum, clau- 
dere, to shut 

claudus, -a, -um, lame 

dementia, -ae (f.), clemency 

Cleopatra, -ae (f.), Cleopatra 

Clitus, -T (m.), Clitus, a friend 
of Alexander the Great 

coarguo, -I, (no sup.), -ere, to con- 

coelum see caelum [vict 

coena see cena 

coeno see ceno 

coepi, coeptum, coepisse, to 
have begun 

coerceo, -ui, -ltum, -ere, to 
restrain 

cogito, -avi, -atum, -are, to 
think, reflect 

cognomen, -mis (n.), a sur- 
name; cognomine appellare, 
to surname 

cognosco, cognovi, cogmtum, 
cognoscere, to know, recog- 
nize, make the acquaintance; 
cognovi, i" know; vera cognos- 
cere, to learn truth 

cogo, coggT, coactum, cogere, 
to compel, force; to assemble 

cohibeo, -til, -ltum, -ere, to 
restrain 

Collatlnus, -1 (m.), Collatinus 

colligo, collggi, collectum, colll- 
gere, to collect, gather 

colloco, -avi, -attim, -are, to 
put, place; to let; castra collo- 
care, to pitch a camp 



colloquSr, collocutus sum, collo- 
qui, to converse 

colltim, -I (n.), the neck 

collustro, -avi, -atum, -are, 
to illuminate 

colo, colm, culttim, colere, to 
cultivate; virtiitem colere, to 
practice virtue; colere paren- 
tis, to respect one's parents 

color, -oris (m.), color, com- 
plexion 

comburo, combussi, combustum, 
comburere, to burn 

comes, -Itis (m.), a companion 

cometes, -ae (m.), a comet 

comitdr, -atus sum, -ari, to 
accompany 

commemoro, -avi, -atum, -are, 
to mention; to rehearse 

commendatiO, -onis (f.), a re- 
commendation 

commendo, -avi, -atum, -are, 
to recommend 

commllitO, -onis (m.), a fellow- 
soldier 

commmus, hand to hand 

committo, commlsi, commissum, 
committer e, to commit, trust; 
pugnam committers, to fight a 
battle 

commode, conveniently 

commodo, -avi, -atum, -are, 
to lend 

common efacio, -feci, -factum, 
-facer e, to remind 

commoneo, -ui, -ltum, -ere, to 
remind 

commoveo, commovi, commo- 
tum, commovere, to move, 
rouse 

communis, -e, common 

comoedia, -ae (f.), a comedy 



154 — 



comparo, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

provide; to compare; amicus 
comparare, to make friends; 
exercitum compararg, to raise 
an army 

coraperio, comperi, compertum, 
comperire, to ascertain 

compleetor, complexus sum, 
complecti, to embrace 

compleo, eomplevi, eompletiim, 
complere, to Jill 

compliires, -a, several 

compos, -otls, capable, master of 

composltld, -onis (f.), arrange- 
ment 

concaviis, -a, -urn, hollow 

concede, concessi, concessuui, 
concedere, to yield up; to 
retire 

concessus, -us (m.), permission 

concillo, -avi, -atum, -are, to 
bring about; Inlmlcitias sibi 
conciliate, to draw enmities 
upon one's self; amorem con- 
ciliate, to gain the love 

concIO, -onis (f.), an assembly 

concionor, -atus sum, -ari, to 
harangue 

concliido, conclusi, conclusum, 
concludere, to shut up 

concordia, -ae (f.), concord 

conciiblus, -a, -iim, belonging 
to sleep; concubia noctS, in the 
first sleep 

condemno, -avi, -atum, -are, 
to condemn, Jind guilty 

condiciO, -onis (f.), a condition 

condiment urn, -I (n.), an appe- 
tizer 

condo, condldi, conditum, con- 
der£, to found 

conducit, it is useful 



conduco, conduxi, conductum, 
conducere, to hire 

confeetus, -a, -um, stricken in 

confero, contuli, collatum, con- 
ferred, to bring together; bene- 
ficia conferre, to confer benefits 

conflcio, confeci, confectiim, 
conflcere, to accomplish, com- 
plete, conclude; (of food) to 
chew 

eonfido, confisiis sum, confidere, 
to trust, confide 

confirm o, -avi, -atum, -are, to 
establish 

conflagratlO, -onis (f.), an erup- 
tion 

confluo, confluxi, confluxiim, 
confluere, to jiock 

confiigio, confugi, (no sup.), con- 
f figere, to flee to 

congrego, -avi, -atum, -are, 
to collect i nto a Jlock; pass, con- 
gregari, to assemble 

conjlcio, conj£ci, conjectum, 
conjleere, to throw, thrust into 

conjungo, conjunxi, conjuncttim, 
conjungere, to unite 

conjuratlo, -onis (f.), a conspir- 
acy; conjuratlonem facere, to 
get up a conspiracy 

conjfiratus, -I (m.), a conspirator 

conor, -atiis sum, -ari, to try 

conscientla, -ae (f.), conscience 

conscisco, conscivi, conscitum, 
consciscere, to bring upon; 
mortem sibi consciscere, to 
bring death upon one's self 

consecro, -avi, -attim, -are, to 
dedicate 

consequor, consecutus sum, eon- 
sequi, to follow; to earn, to 
attain, obtain 



155 — 



considerate, with consideration 

consIdS, consedi, consessum, 
consider e, to alight, settle 

consilium, -i (n.), advice, coun- 
sel, design, prudence; a coun- 
cil; recta consilia, good advice; 
sanctisslnrum consilium, the 
sovereign tribunal 

consists, constiti, eonstltum, 
consistere, to consist of; to 
halt; to stand 

consltiis, -a, -um, planted 

conspectus, -us (m.), sight 

conspIciS, conspexi, conspec- 
tum, consplcere, to see 

const ans, -tis, steady, constant 

constat, it is evident, it is agreed, 
it is well known 

constituo, constitui, constitiitum, 
const Ituere, to set, determine, 
appoint, establish 

coasts, constiti, (no sup.), con- 
stare, to consist; to cost 

consiiescSjConsuevi, consuetum, 
consuescere, to accustom 

consuetudS, -mis (f.), habit, in- 
tercourse; consuetudo valentis, 
the usual state of health 

consul, -is (ru.), a consul 

consulates, -us (m.), consul- 
sh ip 

consuls, consulul, consultum, 
consider e" aliciii, to consult the 
interest of some one; con- 
siders aliquem, to consult some 
one 

consults, -avi, -atum, -are, to 
deliberate, consult 

consumS, consumpsi, consump- 
tion, consumer e, to consume 

contemnS, contempsi, contemp- 
tum, contemners, to despise 



contends, contend!, contentum, 

contendere, to strive; to pro- 
ceed 
contentus, -a, -um, contented, 

content, satisfied 
couterS, contrlvi, contrltum, 

conterere, to ivear out 
contlneS, continui, contentum, 

contlnere, to contain 
contra (with accus.), against^ con- 
trary to, opposite 
contrahS, contraxi, contractum, 

contrahere, to contract 
contrarlus, -a, -um, contrary 
contumacla, -ae (f.), boldness 
eonvalescS, convalui, (convali- 

tiim), convalescere, to recover 
conveniS, convenT, conventum, 

convenire, to crowd; to meet 
convenit, it is fitting; it is agreed 
conventus, -tis (m.), a meeting 
converts, convert!, conversion, 

converter e, to turn about; s6 

converters, to revolve 
convicia, -Srum (pi. n.), abusive 

language 
convincS, convic!, convictum, 

eonvineere, to convict 
convlvium, -! (n.), a feast 
copia,-ae (f.), abundance, plenty, 

stock; copiae, -arum, troops, 

forces 
cor, cordis (n.), the heart 
coram (with abl.), in presence of 
Corinthius, -! (m.), a Corinthian 
Corinthus, -! (f.), the city of 

Corinth 
Cornelia,-ae (f.), Cornelia 
cornu, -us (n.), a horn 
corona, -ae (f.), a crown 
coronS, -avi, -atum, -ar€, to 
crown 



— 156 — 



corpiis, -drfe (n.) a body 

corrado, corrasi, corrasum, cor- 
radere, to scrape together 

corrlgo, correxi, correctum, 
corngere, to correct 

corrumpo, corrupi, corruptum, 
corrumpere, to corrupt 

corruo, corral, (no sup.),corruere, 
to fall to the ground 

cortex, -icis (m.), the bark 

corvtis,-i (m.), a raven 

cotidie ) daily, every day. Writ- 

cottidig \ ten also: quotidig 

coturnix, -icis (f.), a quail 

eras, to-morrow 

crassiis, -&, -tim, dense 

Crassus, -I (m.), Crassus 

crastmus,-&,-tim, of to-morrow; 
dies crastmus, (the day of) to- 
morrow 

creber, -ra, -rum, frequent 

crebro, frequently 

credibifts, -6 , credible 

credo, credidi, credittim, cre- 
dere, to believe 

crediilus, -&, -urn, credulous 

creo, -avi, -atum, -are, to 
create, elect make 

crgpo, crepui, crepitiim, cre- 
pare, to creak, clank 

cresco, crSvi, crStum, crescere, 
to grow, increase 

CrSta, -ae (f.), Crete 

crocodllus, -I (m.), a crocodile 

Croesus, -I (m.), Croesus, cele- 
brated for his riches 

cruciatus, -us (m.), torture 

crucio, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

torture 
crudelis, -e, cruel 
crudelitas, -atis (f.), cruelty 
crus, -uris (n.), the leg 



cubittim, -I (n.), a cubit 

cubo, cubui, cubittim, cubarg, 

to lie down; cubitum ir£, to go 

to bed; cubitu surged, to rise 

from bed 
cuculus, -I (m.), a cuckoo 
culex, -icis (m.), a gnat 
culmus, -I (m.), a thatched roof 
culpa, -ae (f.), a fault 
culter, -ri (m.), a knife 
cultura, -ae (f.), cultivation 
cum (with abl.), with 
cum (conjunct.), when, at the time 

when, as; though, suppose, 

whereas, since; cum prlmum, 

the first moment that 
cum . . turn, both. . and especially 
cunctus, -a, -urn, the whole; pi. 

cuneti, -ae, "-a, all together 
cuniculus, -l (m.), a rabbit 
cupiditas, -atis (f.), passion, 

desire 
ciipido, -inls (f.), greed, craving 

for more 
cupidus, -a, -tim, eager, desir* 

ous 
cupio, cupivi, cupitiim, cuperS, 

to wish, desire, covet 
cur, why 

ctir&, -ae (f.), care; curam ha- 
bere, to have regard 
curia, -ae (f.), the senate house 
ctiriostis, -a, -um, inquisitive 
euro, -avi, -atum, -ar£, to 

take care; to care for, to 

cure 
curro, cucurri, curstim, currere, 

to run 
cursfls, -us (m.), a course, run- 
ning 
custos, -odis (m.), a protector 
Cyrus, -I (m.), Cyrus 



— 157 — 



D. 

damnati5,-onis (f.), condemning 
damno, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

condemn, find guilty; capitis 
damnarS, to condemn to death 

dammim, -I (n.), a loss 

Paretis, -I (m.), Dareus, a Per- 
sian king 

Davldes, -is (m.), David 

de (with abl.), of from, on, con- 
cerning, about 

de&, -ae (f.), a goddess 

debeo, -ui, -itum, -ere, to owe; 
I ought, must, should; deberi, 
to be due 

debilis, -e, weak 

debilito, -avi, -atum, -arg, to 
weaken 

decedo, decessi, decessiim, de- 
ciders, to depart; vita dece- 
dere, to depart from life 

decern, ten 

decemvir, -I (m.), a decemvir 

decet, it becomes; decuit, decere 

decido, decidi,(no gnp.), decider^, 
to fall down 

decles, ten times 

declaro, -avi, -atum, -are, to 
declare 

dedScSt, it is unbecoming; dede- 
cuit, dedecerS 

dedeciis, -oris (n.), a disgrace; 
magno dedecori esse, to bring 
great disgrace 

deduco, deduxi, deductiim, de- 
ducere, to conduct 

deesse see desum 

defect 15, -onis (f.), an eclipse 

defendo, defendi, defensum, de- 
fendere, to defend 

defensor, -oris (m.), a defender 



defSro, dettili, deiatum, defer- 
re, to confer on 

deficio, defeci, defectum, defi- 
cerS, to be wanting 

defigo,defixi, defixum, defigere, 
to plunge, plant 

defliio, defluxi, defluxum, deflu- 
ere, to run one's self dry 

defungor, defunctus sum, de- 
fungi, to discharge 

deglubo, deglupsi, degluptum, 
deglubere, to skin 

deinde, then, afterwards 

delecto, -avi, -atum, -are, to 
delight 

delSo, delevi, deletiim, delerS, 
to destroy 

dellberatiO, -onis (f.), delibera- 
tion 

dellbero, -avi, -atum, -are, to 
deliberate 

delictum, -i (n.), a fault 

Delphi, -orum (pi. m.), Delphi 

Delphicus, -a, -um, Delphic, of 
Delphi 

delphlniis, -I (m.), a dolphin 

demergo, demersi, demersum, 
demergere, to plunge 

demitto, demisi, demissum, de- 
mittere, to let sink; animos 
demitterS, to be disheartened 

Democritus, -i (m.), Democritus, 
a celebrated philosopher 

demonstro, -avi, -atum, -are, 
to prove 

Demosthenes, -is (m.), Demos- 
thenes 

demiim, indeed 

deniquS, in fine 

dens,-tis, (m.) a tooth; dens gSnu- 
Iniis, a cheek tooth 

deorsum, downwards 



— 158 — 



depeltf), dSpuli, depulsum, de- 

pellere, to drive from, banish 
deprenendo, deprehendi, depre- 

hensum, deprehendere, to 

overtake 
derelict 16, -onis (f.), disregard 
derldeo, derisi, derlsum, deri- 

dere, to laugh at 
descendo, descend!, descensum, 

descendere, to come down 
describendus, -a, -um, to be 

copied 
describo, descripsi, descriptum, 

describere, to describe 
desero, deserui, desertum, de- 

serere, to forsake 
deservio, (no perf. & sup.), -Ire, to 

be devoted to 
desldero, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

require, desire; parum desi- 

derare, to care little for 
desidiosg, idly 
designo, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

appoint 
desilio, desilui, desultiim, desi- 

lire, to leap down 
desino, deslvi & desii, desitum, 

desmere, to cease 
despero, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

despair 
despicio, despexf, despectum, 

despicere, to despise 
destillo, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

trickle 
desiim, defui, deesse, to be want- 
ing 
detego, detexi, detectum, dete- 

gere, to discover, detect 
deterior, -us, worse 
deterreo, -ui, -itum, -ere, to 

deter, frighten off 
dSus, -1 (m.), a god; Deus, God 



deverto, deverti, deversum, de- 

vertere, to put up 
devolo, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

flee, fly away 
devoro, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

devour 
dexter, dext(e)ra, dext(e)rum, 

right; dextra,-ae (f.), the right 

hand, (man us, understood) 
dieo, dixi, dictum, dicere, to 

say, speak, tell, call, name; 

sententlam dicere, to state one's 

opinion 
dictator, -oris (m.), a dictator 
dictio, -onis (f.), a speech 
dicto, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

dictate 
dies, -ei (m. & f.), a day; dies 

natalis, a birthday; dies cra- 

stiniis, (the day of) to-morrow 
differ o, distuli, dilatum, dif- 

ferre, to disagree; to put off 
difficilis, -e, difficult 
diffido, diffisus sum, diffidere, 

to distrust 
diffundo, diffudi, diffusum, dif- 

fundere, to diffuse 
digitus, -1 (m.), a finger; trans- 

versus digitus, a finger's 

breadth 
dignitas, -atis (f.), dignity 
dignor,-atus sum,-ari, to deem 

worthy 
dignus, -a, -um, worthy; laude 

dignus, praiseworthy; non sa- 
tis dignus sum, I do not deserve 
dilabor, dilapsus sum, dilabi, to 

fall away 
dllatio, -onis (f.), delay 
diligens, -tis, diligent, careful; 

verltatis diligens, a lover of 

truth 



— 159 — 



diligenter, carefully, diligently 
diligentia, -ae (f.), diligence 
diligo, dllexi, dllectum, dill- 

gere, to love 
dilucidus, -a, -um, clear 
dlmico, -avi, -atuui, -are, to fight 
dlmidium, -I (n.), the half 
dlmldlus, -a, -uni, half 
dimitto, dimisi, dlmissum, di- 

mittere, to disiiiiss, disband 
DIo, -onis (m.), Dio, brother-in- 
law of the tyrant Dionysius 
Diogenes, -is (m.), Diogenes, the 

philosopher of Sinope 
Dionysius, -I (m.), Dionysius, 

tyrant of Syracuse 
dlripio, diripuT, direptum, diri- 

pere, to plunder 
dlriio, dlriu, dlrutum, diruere, 

to demolish 
discedo, discessi, discessum, 

discedere, to leave, depart 
discerno, discrevi, discretum, 

discernere, to distinguish 
discessus, -us (m.), departure 
discidium, -I (n.), discord 
discipline, -ae (f.), a discipline 
discipiilus, -I (m.), a pupil, 

scholar 
disco, didici, (no sup.), discere, to 

learn 
discordia, -ae if.), discord 
discrepo, -ui, -ltum, -are, to 

disagree 
diserttis, -a, -lim, eloquent 
dispar, -aris, unlike 
displiceo, -ui, -ltum, -ere, to 

displease 
disputo, -avi, -atum, -are , to 

dispute 
dissentio, dissensi, dissensum, 

dissentirS, to disagree 



dissSrS, dissSriii, dissertum. 

disserere, to discourse 
dissimilis, -e, unlike 
dissiiadeo, dissiiasi, dissuasum, 

dissiiadere, to dissuade 
distinguo, distinxi, distinctum, 

distinguere, to distinguish 
disto (no perf. & sup.), -are, to be 

distant, disagree 
diu, for a long time, long 
diutmus, -a, -um, long 
diversus, -a, -um, different 
dives, -ltis, rich 
divldo, divisi, dlvlsum, dlvidere, 

to divide 
divinus, -a, -um, divine 
divitiae, -arum (pi. f.), riches 
divulgo, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

spread abroad 
do, dedi, datum, dare, to give; 

to put; litteras dare, to send a 

letter; dono dare, to give as a 

present; poenas dare, to suffer 

punishment 
doceo, docui, doctum, docere, 

to teach 
doctor, -oris (ni.), a teacher 
doctrin&, -ae (f.), learning 
doctus, -a, -um, learned, 
doleo, -til, -ltum, -ere, to 

grieve for 
dolo, fraudulently 
dolor, -oris (m.), pain, grief 
domicilium, -I (n.), an abode, a 

home 
domina, -ae (f.), a mistress 
dominor, -atus sum, -ari, to 

rule 
dominus, -l (m.), a master 
domo, domui, dSmitum, domare, 

to subjugate; bello domarS, to 

subdue in war 



— 160 — 



domus, -us (f.), a house; domi, 
at home; domum, home; domo, 
from home; belli domiquS, in 
war and in peace; domi mili- 
tiaeque, at home and in the 
field 

donee, as long as, while, until 

dono, -avi, -atum, -are, to 
present with 

donum, -I (n.), a gift, present; 
dono dare, to give as a present 

dormio, -rvj, -Itum, -ire, to 
sleep 

dos, dotis (f.), a dowry, gift 

Druides,-um (pl.m.), the Druids, 
priests among the Celtic na- 
tions 

d libit o, -avi, -atum, -are, to 
doubt 

dubius, -a, -urn, doubtful; du- 
bmin non est, there is no 
doubt 

diicenti, -ae, -&, two hundred 

duco, duxi, ductiim, ducere, to 
lead, bring, take; to conclude; 
laudi ducere, to count it a 
praise; nihil! dticerg, to think 
nothing of 

ducto, -avi, -atum, -are, to 
draw after 

dulcis, -e, sweet (to the taste); 
agreeable, obliging 

dum, while, as long as, until; if 
only, provided 

dummodo, if only, provided 

duo, -ae, -6, two 

diiodecim, twelve 

duodevlcesimus, -&, -um, the 
eighteenth 

dtiro, -avi, -attlm, -arS, to last 

durtls, -a, -iim, hard 

dux, ducis (m.), a leader, guide 



E. 

e" (with ablat. ), from, of, out of 
Eboracum, -I (n.), York; Ebora- 
cum Novum, New York 
eclipsis, - (f.), an eclipse 
edisco, gdidici,(nosup.), ediscere, 

to rehearse; to learn by heart 
edo, edi, Sstim, edere, to eat 
gdoceo, edoctii, edoctum, e do- 
cere, to teach 
Sducatid, -onis (f.), education 
educo, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

bring up, educate 
educo, eduxi,eductum,educere, 

to lead out 
efficio, effeci, effectuni, efficere, 

to make, accomplish 
efflagito, -avi, -atiim, -are, to 

importune 
effiigiO, effugi,(nosup.), effugere, 

to escape 
egeo, -tli, (no sup.), -ere, to (be 

in) need 
ego, I; egomet, J 
egredior, egressus sum, egredi, 

to move out 
ejicio, ej6cT, ejectiim, ejicere, 

to drive from 
glabor, elapsiis sum, elabi, to slip 
Slegantia, -ae (f.), elegance 
elementum, -l (n.), an element 
elSphantus, -I (m.), an elephant 
elephas,-antis (m.), an elephant 
Sligo, elegi, electum, eligere, 

to choose, elect; to gather 
eloquens, -tis, eloquent 
eloquently, -ae (f.), the art of 

speaking, eloquence 
elSqufir, elScutus sum, eloqui, 

to speak; vis Si6quendi, the 

power of speaking 



161 



eminSo, -til, (do sup.), -ere, to be 

prominent 
em o, €mi, emptum, emer€, to 

buy, purchase 
emptor, -oris (m.), a buyer 
enini, for 

Ennius, -I (m.), Ennius 
enumero, -avi, -atum, -are, 

to enumerate 
eo, Ivi, itum, ir£, to go; cubltiim 

ir£, to go to bed 
eo, to this degree 
eo . . quo, the . . the 
Epaminondas, -ae (m.), Epami- 

nondas 
EphSstis, -I (f.), Ephesus 
Epicurgus,-i (m.), an Epicurean 
Epirotes, -ae (m.), an Epirote 
epistola, -ae) (f) a letter 
epistula, -ae ) 
eques, -ltis (m.), a rider, a 

knight; equites, cavalry, horse 
equitans, -tis, on horseback 
equito, -avi, -atum, -arS, to 

ride 
equus, -l (m.), a horse, steed 
erga (with accus.), toward, unto 
ergo, on account of; therefore, 

consequently 
eripio, erlptil, ereptiim, £ri- 

pere, to snatch, take away; to 

deliver from 
errans, -tis, wandering 
erro, -avi, -atum, -are, to err, 

wander; to rove about 
errdr, -oris (m.), error 
erudio, -ivi, -itum, -ir€, to in- 
struct 
erumpo, erupi, Grupttim, Srum- 

per£, to break out, burst from 
eriio, erui, Srutum, eriiere, to 

drag out 



esc&, -ae (f), a bait; escae, 

-artim, food 
essS see sum [ger 

5surio,-ivi, (no snp.),-irS, to hun- 
et, and, even; et . . et, both . . and; 

et . . nequS, on the one hand . . 

and on the other hand not 
etenim, for 

etiam, also; yes; (before a com- 
parative) still 
etiamnunc, even now 
etiamsi, even if, although 
etsi, although 
Euphrates, -is (m.), the river 

Euphrates 
Europa, -ae (f.), Europe 
evado, evasi, evastim, evaderS, 

to become, turn out 
evanesco, evanui, (no sap.), eva- 

nescere, to disappear 
eveho, evexi, Svectum, evehere, 

to raise 
evello, evelli, gvulsiim, evellere, 

to pluck out 
evenio, eveni, eventum, evenirS, 

to turn out; evenit, it happens 
everto, everti, Sversum, ever- 

tere, to overthrow 
ex (with abl.), from, of, out of 
exanimis, -£, lifeless 
exardesco, exarsi, exarsiim, ex- 

ardescere, to be inflamed; to 

break out 
excedo, excess!, excessum, ex- 

eedSre, to exceed 
excellens, -tis, excellent 
excello, (no pert. & sup.), excel- 

lere, to distinguish one's self 
excelstis, -a, -um, lofty 
excipio, excGpi, exceptum, excT- 

pere, to take; laborSs exciperS, 

to take toils upon one's self 



162 — 



excito, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

arouse; bellum excitare, to 
stir up war; equum excitare, 
to urge a horse 

exemplum, -1 (n.), an example 

exeo, -11, -Itum, -ire, to de- 
part, come oft) leave 

exerceo, -ui, -lturu, -ere, to ex- 
ercise, practice; cultivate, use 

exercitatid, -0111s (f.), use, prac- 
tice, exercise 

exercitatus, -a, -um, practiced 

exercitus, -lis (m.), an army 

exigo, exegi, exactuni, exigere, 
to spend 

exigiius, -S, -una, small, scanty 

existimo, -avi, -atum, -are, 
to regard, believe 

exopto, -avi, -atum, -are, to 
desire, long for 

expedit, it is useful 

expello, expuli, expulsum, ex- 
pellere, to drive away, to ex- 
pel 

expergiscor, experrectus sum, 
expergisci, to wake up 

experientia, -ae (f.), experience 

expeiior, expertus sum, expe- 
riri, to try 

expers, -tis, free; without share 

expetendus, -a, -um, desirable 

expeto, expetivT, expetitiim, 
expetere, to search out 

explano, -avi, -atum, -are, to 
explain 

expleo, explevi, expletum, ex- 
plore, to fill 

exploro, -avi, -atum, -are, to 
explore 

expono, exposui, expositum, 
exponere, to expose 

exprobratiO, -onis (f.), a reproof 



expugno, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

capture; vl expugnare, to 

storm 
exsilium, -l (n.), exile 
exsisto, exstiti, (no sup.), exsi- 

stere, to become 
exspecto, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

expect, wait, look for 
exspiro, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

expire 
exstirpo, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

eradicate 
exstruo, exstruxi, exstructtim, 

exstrviere, to build 
extollo, extuli, (no sup.), extol- 

lere, to extol 
extra (with accus.), without, be- 
yond, except 
extremus, -a,-um, extreme, last 

F. 

Fabia Dolabella, -ae -ae (f.), 

Fabia Dolabella 
Fabius Pictor, -I -oris (m.), 

Fabius Pictor 
Fabricius, -I (m.), Fabricius 
fabiila, -ae (f.), a play; a fable 
fabulosus, -a, -um, fabulous 
facile, easily, readily; unques- 
tionably 
facilis, -e, easy 

facilitas, -atis (f.), easy access 
f acinus, -oris (n.), a deed; a 

crime 
facio, feci, factum, facere, to 
make, do; to put; reum facere, 
to summon; conj Qrationem fa- 
cere, to get up a conspiracy; 
tragoediam facere, to compose a 
tragedy; minimi facere, to make 
of very little account; floccl 
facere, to care not a straw for 



— 163 



facttlm,-! (n.), a deed, an action; 

prave facta, evil deeds 
facultas, -atis (f), ability, fa- 
culty, means 
fallo, fefelli, falsum, fallere, to 

deceive; falli, to be mistaken; 

fallit me, it escapes my notice, 

is unknown to me 
falsiis, -a, -urn, false; falsa, 

-orum (pi. n.), falsehood, what 

is false 
fama, -ae (f.), public opinion; 

rumor; reputation; glory; 

fama est, the story goes; fama 

et fides, reputation and credit 
fames, -is (f.), hunger 
familiaris, - (m.), an intimate 

friend 
familiarltas, -atis (f.), intimacy 
fas (n. indecl.), right 
fateor, fassus sum, fateri, to 

confess 
fatum, -I (n.), destiny 
faveo, favi, fautum, favere, to 

favor 
felicitas,-atis (f.), good fortune, 

happiness 
felix, -icTs, happy 
fera,-ae (f.), a wild beast (bestia 

understood) 
ferculum, -I (n.), a dish 
fere, almost; nullus fere, hardly 

any 
ferio, (no perf. & sup.), ferire, to 

strike; parietSm ferire, to 

knock one's head against the 

wall 
ferme, almost 
fero, tuli, latfim, ferre, to 

bear, carry; molests ferrS, to 

be annoyed 
fgrox, -ocis, warlike 



ferrum, -I (n.), iron, a sword 
fertilitas, -atis (f.), fertility 
festlno, -a. vi, -aturn, -are, to 

make haste 
fidslis, -e, faithful 
fides, -ei (f.), faith, belief, loyalty; 

credit 
fldo, fisiis sum, fidere, to trust, 

confide 
fiducia, -ae (f.), confidence 
fldus, -a, -urn, faithful 
fllia, -ae (f.), a daughter 
fllius -I (m.), a son 
finio, -ivi, -ltum, -ire, to 

finish 
finis,- (m.), an end, limit, gaol; 

fines, -lfim (m.), a territory 
flnitimus, -a, -iim, neighboring 
fio, factvis sum, fieri, to become, 

turn out, be made 
firmitas, -atis (f.), strength 
firmus, -a, -um, strong, firm 
fit, it happens 
fixus, -a, -um, fixed 
nagelliim, -I (n.), a scourge; fla- 

gellls caedere, to scourge 
i1agitium,-i (n.), a shameful deed 
flagito, -avT, -atum, -are, to 

ask, demand 
flexuosiis, -a, -iim, crooked 
floccus, -I (m.), a lock of wool; a 

straw 
llorens, -tis, flourishing; in 

blossom 
floreo, -hi, (no sup.), -ere, to 

flourish; to be distinguished 
flos,-oris (m.), a flower 
Admen, -mis (n.), a river 
fodio, fodi, fossum, fSdere, to 

dig 
foederatiis, -a, -um, allied 
folium, -I (n.), a leaf 



164 — 



fons, -tls (m.), a source 
f5ras, out doors, to the doors 
f6r&, to be about to be 
forem, J should be 
forts, out of doors, abroad 
form&, -ae (f.), figure 
formic^, -ae (f.), an ant 

forte, perchance 

fortis, -e, brave; fortes, -lum, 

the brave 
fortitude, -mis (f.), bravery j 

courage 
fortuitiis, -a, -iim, accidental, 

a matter of chance 
fortuna, -ae (f.), fortune; luck; 

aspera fortuna, a hard lot; 

fortuna adversa, bad fortune; 

fortunam periclitari, to try 

one's luck 
fortunatiis, -&, -tim, fortunate; 

insulae fortunatae, the Islands 

of the Blessed 
forum, -l (n.), the forum, market 
fossa, -ae (f), a ditch 
fovea, -ae (f.), a pit 
fragilitas, -atis (f.), frailly 
fragor, -oris (m.), a crash 
frango, fregi, fractiim, franggre, 

to break 
frater -ris (m.), a brother 
fraus, -dis (f.), a fraud; frauds, 

fraudulently 
freni, -oriim (pi. m.), a bit 
frgnum, -I (n.), a bridle 
frequens, -tis, frequent (ly ), 

crowded 
fretQs,-&,-um, trusting, relying 
frigidiis, -a, -iim, cold 
frigtis, -oris (n.), cold 
frons, -tis (f.), thejorehead 



fructiis, -us (m.), fruit; fructum 

caperS, to gain advantage 
frugalitas, -atis (f.), frugality 
frumenttim, -T (n.), corn; frii- 

ment&, -oriim, grain 
fruor, friutiis & fructiis sum, 

frui, to enjoy 
frustra, in vain 
frustum, -I (n.), a piece 
(frux), frugis (f.) usually pi. fru- 

ges, -iim, fruit 
fug&, -ae (f.), a flight 
fugio, fugi, fugitum, fugere, to 

flee or fly, avoid; escape; fiigit 

m6, it escapes my notice, is 

unknown to me 
f ugo, -avi, -atum, -are, to put 

to flight 
fulcio, fulsi, fultum, fulcire, to 

support 
fulgeo, fulsi, (no sup.), fulgere, to 

shine 
fulgiir, -is (n.), a flash of light- 
ning 
fulmen, -lms (n.), a lightning 

that strikes, a thunderbolt 
fumus, -I (m.), smoke 
funditus, to the foundation 
fundus, -I (m.), apiece of la,nd 
fungdr, functus sum, fungi, to 

discharge 
funiis, -eris (n.), a funeral 
tur -Is (m.), a thief 
furc&, -ae (f), a pitchfork 
furdr, -atus sum, -ari, to steal 
futurus, ~&, -um, about to be, 

future 

G. 

Gajiis, -l (m.), Gajus 
Gallia, -ae (f.), Gaul 
Gallicus, -a, -iim, Gallic 



— 165 — 



gallina, -ae (f.), a hen 
Gallus, -I (m.), a Gaul 
gaudeo, gavistis sum, gaudere, 

to rejoice, delight 
gaudiiim, -I (n.), joy 
gelasco, (no perf. & sup.), -ere, to 

freeze 
gemlno, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

double 
gemma, -ae (f.), a gem 
genetrix, -Icis (f.), a mother 
gens, -tis (f.), a tribe, nation 
ggnulnus, -a, -urn, belonging to 

the cheek 
genus, -eris (n.), a kind, race; 

anlmalmm genus, a class of 

animals; genus vitae, a line 

of life 
Germanic, -ae (f.), Germany 
Germanus, -1 (m.), a German 
gero, gessi, gestum, gerere, to 

carry on, do; male gerere, to 

manage badly; s6 gerSre, to 

behave 
gesto, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

carry 
gladius, -I (m.), a sword 
glans, -dis (f.), an acorn 
glftbOsus, -a, -um, round like 

a ball 
gl6bus, -I (m.), a globe 
gloria, -ae (f.), glory, honor 
glorlor, -atus sum,-ari, to boast 
Gracchus, -I (m.), Gracchus; 

Gracchi, -orum (pi. m.), the 

Gracchi 
gradus, -us (m.), a step; lento 

gradu, at a slow pace 
Graecla, -ae (f.), Greece 
Graecus, -a, -um, Greek 
grandinat, it hails [old 

grandis, -€, great; grandis natii, 



grandS, -inTs (f.), hail , 

graniim, -I (n.), a grain 

gratia, -ae (f.), favor; gr&tlae 
-arum, favors, thanks; gra- 
tias agere, to return thanks; 
gratia, for the sake of 

gratiosus, -a, -iim, liked 

gratiilor, -atus sum, -ari, to 
congratulate 

grUus,-&,-um,pleasi?ig; thank- 
ful, grateful 

gravis, -e, heavy, severe, bur- 
densome; morbus gravis, a 
severe sickness 

graviter, severely; graviter ad- 
hortari, to exhort earnestly 

gravo, -avi, -atum, -are, to 
ojjpress 

gubernatdr, -oris (m.), a pilot 

guberno, - avi, -atuin, -arS, to 
govern 

gusto, -avi, -atum, -arg, to taste 

H. 

habeo, -ui, -ltum, -ere, to have, 
to keep, to hold, maintain; to 
think, consider; oratlonem 
habere, to deliver a speech; 
pro nihllo habere, to regard as 
nothing; haberi, to be thought, 
considered; to be taken (for); 
male se res habet, things go 
wrong 

habito, -avi, -atiim, -are, to 
live, to dwell, inhabit 

Hadrianus, -I (m.), the emperor 
Hadrian 

HadrumStum, -I (n.), Hadrume- 
tum 

hamus, -I (m.), a hook 

Hannibal, -is (m.), Hannibal, a 
Carthaginian general 



— 166 



harSnsi, -ae (f.), sand. Written 

also arena 
Harpagus, -I (m.), Harpagus 
Hasdriibal, -is (m.), Hasdrubal 
haud, not 

hebes, -etis, dull, dim 
Hebreus, -I (m.), a Hebrew 
Helvetiiis, -1 (m.), a Helvetian 
Henricus, -I (m.), Henry 
HephaestIGn,-onis (m.), Hephae- 

stion 
herba, -ae, (f.), an herb, weed, 

plant 
heres, -edis (m.), an heir 
heri, yesterday 

Herodotus, -1 (m.), Herodotus 
heros, -ois (m.), a hero 
hSrus, -l (m.), a master 
JETesperus, -T (m.), the evening 

star 
Hibernia, -ae (f.), Ireland 
hie, haec, hoc, this (of mine), the 

latter, the former; hiclne, hae- 

cine, hoeme? litis here? 
hiems, hiemis (f.), winter 
hilaris, -e, cheerful 
Himera, -ae (f.), Himera 
hinnitus, -us (in.), neighing 
hirundO, -mis (f.), a swallow 
Hispania, -ae (f.), Spain 
Hispanus, -1 (m.), a Spaniard 
historia, -ae (f.), history 
historicfis, -1 (m.), a historian 
histriS, -onis (m.), an actor 
hodie, to-day 
Homerus, -I (m.), the Greek poet 

Homer 
hom5, -mis (m.), man; a man; 

a person; hSmines, people 
honestum, -I (n.), honesty 
hCnesttis, -&, -urn, honorable, 

virtuous I 



hondr, -oris (m.), an honor 
honoratus, -a, -urn, honored 
bor^,, -ae (f.), an hour 
horreo, -iii, (no sup.), -ere, to 

shudder at 
Hortensiiis, -I (m.), Hortensius 
hortor, -atus sum, -ari, to ex- 
hort 
hortus, -I (m.), a garden 
hospes, -ltls (m.), a friend 
hospitium, -I (n.), the house of 

a friend 
hostis, - (ni.), an enemy 
hue, hither; to this degree 
humanitas, -atis (f.), humanity 
humanus, -&, -urn, human 
humlliSj -e, low 
humus, -I (f.), soil; hiimo, from 
the ground; huml, on the 
ground 
Hystaspes, -is (m.), Hystaspes 

I. 

Ibi, there, here 

Ico, lei, ictum, icere, to strike 

ictus, -us (m.), a stroke 

idcirco, jor this reason, therefore 

Idem, eadem, idem, the same; 
idem qui, the same who, the 
same as 

ideo, for the reason, on that ac- 
count 

idoneus, -&, -urn, fit, suitable, 
suited 

Igitur, therefore 

ignarus, -a, -urn, ignorant 

ignavia, -ae (f.), indolence, cow- 
ardice 

ignavus, -a, -um, cowardly; 
coward 

ignis, - (m.), fire 

ignominia, -ae (f.), disgrace 



lfit 



ignoro, -avi, -atiim, -are, to 

ignore, to be ignorant 

ille, ilia, Wlud^that; the former, 
the latter 

illieio, illexi, illectum, illicere, 
to allure 

ImagO, -Inis (f.), an image, like- 
ness 

imbeciles, -a, -tim, feeble 

inibuo, imbiu, imbutum, im- 
biiere, to stain 

lmitatiO, -ouis (f.), imitation 

Iniitdr, -atus sum, -ari, to 
imitate 

immemor, -is, unmindful 

immerito, unjustly 

immlneo, (no perf. & sup.), -ere, to 
threaten 

immitto, immlsi, immissum, im- 
inittere, to let loose 

immo, nay, on the contrary 

imruodice, excessively 

imniortalis, -e, immortal 

immortalltas, -atis (f.), immor- 
tality 

impatiens, -tis. incapable of en- 
during 

inipedimentum, -I (n.), a hin- 
drance; obstacle 

impedio, -Iff, itum -ire, to 
hinder, prevent 

impello, impiili, impulsum, im- 
pellere, to drive 

impenetrabilis, -e, impenetrable 

imperator,-oris (m.), a general;, 
an emperor 

imperitus, -a, -um, ignorant 

imperium, -1 (n.), empire; rule, 
power; government; contra 
imperium, contrary to orders; 
ad imperium aeegdere, to come 
to the throne 



impero, -avi, -atiim, -ar$, to 

command, govern, rule 
impertio, -ivi, -itum, -ir£, to 

share 
impetus, -us (m.), assault 
impletas, -atis (f.), impiety 
implus, -a, -um, impious 
impleo, implevi, impletum, im- 

plere, to fill 
imploro, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

implore 
impono, imposuT, impositum, 

imp Caere, to put, place, lay 

on, impose 
impos,-otis, not in possession of 
impotens,-tis, unable, powerless 

to control 
imprimo, impress!, impressum, 

imprlmere, to stamp; to press 

upon 
improbiis, -a, -um, wicked; a 

rascal 
In (with the accus.), in to, to, against, 

for; in diem, for the day; in 

(with the abl.), in, among 
Inanis, -e, void 
ineedo, incessi, incessum, incg- 

dere, to walk 
incendium, -I (n.), a fire, burn- 
ing 
incendo, incendi, incensum, in- 

cendere, to burn 
incertus, -a, -iim, uncertain 
incido, incidi, (no sup.), incidere, 

to fall into 
incido, incidi, incisum, inclder£, 

to engrave, carve upon 
inciplo, incepi, inceptum, inci- 

pere, to begin 
incola, -ae (m.), an inhabitant 
incolo, incoliii, incultum. inco- 

lere, to inhabit 



— 168 — 



incSlumis, -e, safe 
inconstans, -tis, inconstant 
inconsulto, inconsiderately 
incrSdibilis, -e, incredible 
incuso,-a\%-atum, -are, to ac- 
cuse 
inde, thence 

Indi,-orum (pi. m.), the Indians 
India, -ae (f.), India 
indico, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

indicate, reveal, tell 
indico, indixi, indictum, indi- 

cere, to declare 
indigeo, -ui, (no sup.), -ere, to 

need 
indignatiS, -onis (f.) , indignation 
indignus, -a, -um, unworthy 
indoles, -is (f.), disposition 
induco, induxi, inductum, indu- 

cere, to introduce 
indulgeo, indulsi, indultum, in- 

dulgere, to give up; to favor 
induo, indui, indutum, induere, 

to put on 
industria, -ae (f.), industry; d§ 

industria, on purpose 
ineptus, -a, -una, inapt 
inertia, -ae (f.), laziness,idleness 
infamia, -ae (f.), dishonor 
infans,-tis (m. & f.), a child; dumb 
infelix, -icis, unhappy 
inferior, -us, lower infest 

infesto, -avi, -atum, -are, to 
infigo, infixi, infixum, infigere, 

to fix in 
infimus, -a, -um, lowest 
intra, below, under, beneath, la- 
ter than, smaller than 
infringo, infregi, infractum, in- 
fringers, to break 
ingeniflm, -1 (n.), talent, (natu- 
ral) disposition, mind 



ingens, -tis, vast 9 immense 
ingenufis, -I (m.), a gentleman 
ingratus, -&, -um, ungrateful, 

unpleasant 
ingredior, ingressiis sum, ingre- 

di, to march, come in 
ingruo, -I (no sup.), -ere, to break 

into 
lnimicitia, -ae (f.), enmity 
lnimicus, -I (m.), enemy; oppos- 
ed, unfriendly 
miquitas, -atis (f.), injustice 
Initium, -I (n.), a beginning 
injicio, injSci, injectum,injicere, 

to strike into, to throw over 
injucundus, -a, -um, disagree- 
able 
injuria, -ae (f.), an injury, wrong; 
insult; injuria, unjustly; in- 
juria servitutis, the outrage of 
slavery 
injustitui, -ae (f.), unjustice 
injustus, -a, -um, unjust 
innatus, -a, -um, born in 
innocens, -tis, innocent 
innocentia, -ae (f.), innocence 
innoxius, -a, -um, harmless 
innumerabilis, -e, or innumerus, 

-a, -um, innumerable 
TnopIS, -ae (f.), want 
mops, -5pis (m.), a poor man 
inprimis, chiefly, especially 
inquam, / say, quoth I 
inquiro, inquisivi, inqulsitiim, 

inquirere, to inquire 
insanus, -I (m.), a madman 
insatiabilis, -e, that cannot be 

satisfied 
inscius, -a, -um, ignorant 
inscribo, inscripsT, inscriptum, 
inscribere, to inscribe, write 
upon 



— 169 — 



msidiae,-aruna (pi. f.), treachery 
insidior, -attis sum, -ari, to lay 

a snare, to pursue 
insimulo, -avi, -atiim, -are, to 

accuse, charge 
insipiens, -tis (m.), a fool 
inspicio, inspexi, inspectum, in- 

spicere, to look into, exa- 
mine 
instar (n. indecL), like 
instituo, institiii, institutum, in- 

stituere, to establish, ordain; 

to train 
insuetus,-a,-um, unaccustomed 
insula, -ae (f.), an island 
intactus, -a, -una, untouched 
intellego, intellexi, intelleetum, 

intellegere, to understand, 

see, comprehend 
inter (withaccus.), among, between 
intercalo, -avi, -atiim, -are, to 

interpolate 
interdico, interdixi, interdictiim, 

interdieere, to forbid; aqua 

et igni interdieere, to banish 

one 
interdfim, sometimes 
intereo, intern, interitiim, in- 

terlre, to perish, pass away 
interesse see intersum 
interf!cio,interfeci, interfectum, 

interficere, to kill 
interior, -lis, interior 
interire see intereo 
interitus, -us (m.), destruction; 

loss 
interjTcio, interjeci, interjectum, 

interjicere, to throw in 
interpres, -etis (m.), an inter- 
preter 
interrogo, -avi, -atiim, -are, 

to ask, inquire 



intersum, interim, interessS, to 
be present at, to take part in; 
interest, it concerns, interests, 
is the interest, is of import- 
ance; nihil interest, it makes 
no difference 

intestma, -orurn (pi. n.), the in- 
testines 

intimus, -a, -una, inmost, hinder 

intolerabilis, -e, intolerable 

intonsiis, -a, -una, unshaved 

intra (with accus.), within 

intro, -avi, -atiim, -are, to 
enter 

intueor, -Itus sum, -eri, to look 
upon 

Inultus, -a, -una, unavenged 

inusitatus, -a, -urn, extraordin- 
ary, uncommon 

mutilis, -e, useless, unfit 

invenio, inveni", inventum, inve- 
nire, to find (out), invent; to 
devise 

inventor, -oris (m.), an inventor 

investigo, -avi, -atiim, -are, 
to find out 

invideo, invidi, invlsum, invi- 
dere, to envy 

invidia, -ae (f.), envy 

invitus, -a, -una, against one's 
will 

invius, -a, -una, impassable 

Iones, -una (pi. m.), the Ionians 

ipse, -a, -una, himself, herself, 
itself; very, just 

Ira, -ae (f.), anger 

irascor, -iratus sum, -irasci, to 
be angry 

Tratus, -a, -una, angry 

Ire see eo 

irrldeo, irrisi, irrlsiina, irrldere, 
to mock 



— no — 



irruo, -I (no sup.), -ere, to rush 
is, ea, id, that; he, she, it; is 

qui, he who, such as, such that; 

ea, -orum, those things 
Isocrates, -is (m.), Isocrates 
iste, -a, -iid, that (of yours) 
isthic, isthaec, isthoc, the very 

same 
ita, so; ita est, so it is; ita, yes 
Italia, -ae (f.), Italy 
Italiis, -l (m.), an Italian 
itaque, therefore 
Iter, ltmeris (n.), a journey, 

passage 
iterum, a second time, again; 

iterum atque iterum, again 

and again 



jaceo, -in, -ltum, -ere, to lie, 
to be down 

jaculor, -atus sum, -ari, to 
throw the javelin 

jam, already; jam nunc, just now; 
jam diidiirn, a long time 

jentaculum, -1 (n.), breakfast 

jocus, -I (m.), a jest, joke; joco, 
in joke 

Josephus, -I (m.), Joseph 

jubeo, jussi, jussiim, jiibere, to 
order 

jticunditas, -atis (f.), enjoyment 

jticundiis, -a, -urn, pleasant, 
welcome, agreeable 

Judaeiis, -l (m.), a Jew 

judex, -ids (m.), a judge; judi- 
ces, the jury; judicem esse, to 
sit in judgment 

judicium, -l (n.), a court; judi- 
cium capitis, a trial for life; 
judicio, according to the judg- 
ment 



judlco, -avi, -atuin, -are, to 

judge, consider j pronounce, 

declare 
Jugurtha, -ae (m.), Jugurtha 
JCdius, -I (m.), Julius 
Juppiter, Jovis (m.), Jupiter 
jurgiosus, -a, -um, quarrelsome 
jiis, juris (n.), right, law; jus 

civile, civil law; jure, rightly, 

rightfully, justly 
jusjumndum, jiirisjurandi (n.), 

an oath 
jussu, by order 
justitia, -ae (f.), justice 
Justus, -a, -urn, just 
juventiis, -litis (f.j, youth 
jiivo, juvi, jutum, jiivare, to 

assist, avail 
juxta, hard by, beside 



lab5r, -oris (m.), labor 

labor, lapsus sum, labi, to glide, 

to slip, to Jail 
laboro, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

work; to suffer; parum labo- 
rare, to take too little pains; 
nihil laborare, to do no work 

lac, lactis (n.), milk 

LacedaemOu, -onis (f.), the city 
of Lacedaemon 

Lacedaemonixis, -I (m.), a Lace- 
daemonian 

lacesso, lacessivT, lacessitum, 
lacessere, to provoke 

lacrima -ae (f.), a tear 

laedo, laesi, laesum, laedere, 
to violate, hurt 

Laelius, -I (m.), Laelius 

laetor, -atus sum, -ari, to re- 
joice, delight 

laetus, -a, -urn, glad, pleased 



171 



lanius, -1 (m.), a butcher 
lapis, -ldis (m.), a stone 
lapsus, -a, -um, fallen 
latebra, -ae (f.), a lurking place 
Latinus, -a, -um, Latin 
latrans, -tls, craving 
latro,-avT, -atum, -are, to bark 
latrO, -onis (ni.), a robber 
latus, -a, -um, broad 
laudabllls, -e, praiseworthy 
laudo, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

praise 
laus, -dis (f.), praise; laude dig- 
nus, praiseworthy; laudi du- 
cere, to count it a praise 
lautumlae, -arum (pi. f.), the 

stone-quarries 
lectio, -onis (f.), a reading 
lectulum, -I (n.), a bed 
legatiO, -onis (f.), an embassy 
legatus, -l (m.), an ambassador 
lego, legi, lectum, legere, to read 
lenlo, -Ivi, -itum, -ire, to ap- 
pease, mitigate, assuage 
lentus, -a, -um, slow 
leo, -onis (m.), a lion 
lepus, -oris (m.), a hare 
levis, -e, light 

levo,-avi, -atum, -are, to lessen 
lex, legls (f.), a law 
llbens, -tls, willing (ly), ivith 

pleasure 
llbenter, willingly, freely 
liber, -ri (m.), a book 
liber, -a, -um, free 
liberalltas, -atis (f.), liberality 
libeii, -orum (pi. m.), children 
libero, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

free, deliver, save, release 
libertas, -atis (f.), liberty 
libet, it pleases, llbult or libi- 
tum est, llbere 



libido, -Inls (f.), desire 

llceo, -ui, -Itum, -ere, to be 

for sale 
llceor, -Itiis sum, -eri, to bid, 

offer a price for 
licet, it is allowed, I am free; 

llcuit or licltum est, licere 
licet, though, suppose, whereas 
lictor, -oris (m.), a lictor 
lignum, -l (n.), wood 
Hinen, -mis (n.), a threshold 
linea, -ae (f.), a line 
lingua, -ae (f.), the tongue, a 

language 
linteum, -I (n.), cloth 
Liscus, -I (ni.), Liscus 
littera, -ae (f.), a letter (of the 

alphabet); litterae, -arum, 

an epistle, learning, written 

papers; litterarum elementa, 

the elements of education 
locatus, -a, -vim, placed; male 

locatus, out of place 
loco, -avi, -attim, -are, to let 
locuples, -etis, wealthy 
locus, -I (m.), a place; condition; 

parent iim \6co,in place of your 

parents 
Londlnum, -i (n.), London 
longe, by far 

longinquitas, -atis (f.), length 
longlus, farther 

longiis, -a, -um, long, tedious 
loquacltas, -atis (f.), loquacity 
loquor, locuttis sum, loqui, to 

speak 
Lucania, -ae (f.), Lucania 
Liicanus -a, -um, Lucanian 
Lucifer,-! (m.), the morning star 
Luclllus, -T (m.), Lucilius 
Lucre tla, -ae (f.), Lucretia 
lucrum, -T (n.), gain 



- 172 — 



luctus, -us (m.), grief 
luculentus, -a, -urn, bright 
lucus, -l (m.), a grove 
liidibrlum, -1 (n.), mockery 
ludo, ltisi, lusum, ludere, to 

play 
Ludovicus, -I (m.), Lewis 
ludus, -l (m.), a play, game; ludi 

Olympic!, the Olympian games 
lima, -ae (f.), the moon 
lupus, -I (m.), a ivolf 
luscmia, -ae (f.), a nightingale 
lusus, -us (m.), a sport, amuse- 
ment; gaming 
lux, lucis (f.), light; prima lux, 

day -break 
luxiiria, -ae (f.), luxury; Inusi- 

tatae luxuriae esse, to be given 

to uncommon luxury 
Lycurgus, -T (m.), Lycurgus, the 

lawgiver of the Spartans 
Lydia, -ae (f.), Lydia 
Lydus, -I (m.), a Lydian 
Lysander, -ri (m.), Lysander 

M. 

MacedO, -onis (m.), a Macedon- 
ian 

Macedonia, -ae (f.), Macedonia 

maereo, (no perf. & sup.), -ere, to 
grieve, mourn 

maeror, -oris (m.), sorrow 

magis, more, better 

magister, -ri (m.), a teacher 

magistra, -ae (f.), a (female) 
teacher 

magnificfis, -a, -urn, splendid 

magnittido, -mis (f.), size 

magnopere, greatly 

magnus, -a, -urn, great, large, 
big; magno (pretio understood), 
at a high price 



major, -us, gr eater; maj5r natu, 
older; majores, -um (pi. m.), 
the ancestors; majores natu, 
one 1 s elders 
male, badly, to no purpose; male 
emere, to buy dear; male ven- 
dere, to sell at a loss; male lo- 
cates, out of place; male audlre, 
to be in bad repute 
maledico, -dixi, -dictum, -dl- 

cere, to slander, curse 
maledicus,-! (m.), a calumniator 
malefactum, -I (n.), injury 
malo, malui, (no sup), malle, to 
be more willing, prefer, have 
rather, like better 
malum, -T (n.), an evil, misfor- 
tune; hoc mall, this badness 
maliis, -a, - um, bad 
mando, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

order 
mane (n. indecl.), morning; (adverb) 
early in the morning; bene 
mane, right early in the morn- 
ing 
maneo, mansl, mansum, mane- 
re, to remain 
Manlius, -I (m.), Manlius 
mansuetudO, -Inis (f.), mildness 
mantis, -us (f.), the hand 
Marcellus, -l (m.), Marcellus 
Marcus, -i (m.), Marcus 
Mardonius, -I (m.), Mardonius 
mare, -is (n.), the sea 
mantimus, -a, -um, over the 

sea, sea- 
maritus, -l (m.), a husband 
Marius, -I (m.), Marius, seven 

times consul 
marmor, -is (n.), marble 
Massagetae, -arum (pi. m.), the 
Massagetae, a Scythian people 



— 173 — 



Massilia, -ae (f.), Marseilles 
mater, -ris (f.), a mother 
matiirus, -a, -um, ripe 

mat litmus, -a, -um, morning-; 
tempus matutlnum, morning 

maxime, most, especially, prin- 
cipally, very greatly, chiefly 

maximopere, most particularly 

maximus, -a, -um, greatest; 
maximus natii, oldest 

medeor, (no perf.), mederi, to 
cure, heal 

Media,. -ae (f), Media 

medicina, -ae (f.), medicine 

medicus, -I (m.), a physician 

mediocritas, -atis (f.), medio- 
crity 

medius, -a, -um, middle, in the 
middle; media urbe, in the 
midst of the city 

Megara, -ae (f.), Megara 

mel, m ell is (n.), honey 

melior, -us, letter 

membrum, -I (n.), a limb 

memini, meminisse, to remem- 
ber; memento, do not forget 

memor, -is, mindful 

memoria, -ae (f.), memory, re- 
membrance 

memoro, -avi, -aturn, -are, to 
mention, record 

mendacium, -1 (n ), a falsehood, 
lying 

mendax, -acis, lying; (hom5) 
mendax, a liar 

mens, -tis (f.), the mind 

mensis, - (m.), a month 

mentio, -onis (f.), mention 

mentior, -ltus sum, -Iri, to lie, 
tell a lie 

mercator,-oris (m.), a merchant 

mercatus, -us (m.), a market 



merces,-edis (f.), a recompense, 

reward 
mercor, -atus sum, -ari, to buy 
mereo, -iii, -ltiim, -ere ) to de- 
mereor, -ltus sum, -eri J serve 
merito, deservedly 
meritum, -I (n.), a merit 
merltus, -a, -um, deserving 
merx, -cis (f.), ware 
metallum,-! (n.), ametal 
metior, mensiis sum, metiri, to 

measure 
metiio, metuT, (no sup.), metuere, 

to fear 
metus, -us (m.), fear 
meiis, -a, -vim, my 
migro, -avi, -attim, -are, to 

migrate 
miles, -ltis (m.), a soldier 
mlliarlum, -1 (n.), a mile 
militaris, -e, military; res mili- 

taris, military affairs 
mllitia,-ae (f.), military service; 

domi militiaeque, at home and 

in the field 
mi lie, a thousand 
millies, a thousand times 
Miltiades, -is (m.), Miltiades 
miliius, -I (m.), a kite 
minime, by no means 
minimus, -a, -iim, least, smallest; 

minim o, at a very low price; 

minimus natu, youngest 
minor, -us, less, smaller; minoris, 

cheaper; minor natu, younger 
minor, -atus sum, -ari, to 

threaten 
Minos, -ois (m.), Minos, king 

in Crete 
mlnuo, miniu, minutum, minue- 

re, to lessen, weaken, diminish 
minus, less 



— 174 



wonderful 



mirabills, -8 

mirificus, -a, -tim 

miror, -atus sum, -ari, to won- 
der at 

miser, -a, -"5m, wretched, mi- 
serable 

misereor, miseritus & miserttis 
sum, misereri, to pity 

miseret, it excites pity, miseri- 
tum, misertum est, miserere 

miseria, -ae (f.), misery 

misericordisl,-ae (t), pity, mercy, 
charity 

Mithridates, -is (m.), Mithri- 
dates 

mitto, misi, missum, mittere, 
to send; in periciila mittere, 
to bring into danger 

moderate, with moderation 

moderor, -atus sum, -ari, to 
manage, set bounds to, regu- 
late 

modestia, -ae (f.), modesty 

modestus, -a, -um, modest 

modicus, -a, -urn, moderate, 
little 

modo, now; only; if only; modo 
ne, provided only not; modo . . 
modo, now . . now; non modo . . 
sed etiam, not only . . but also 

modus, -I (m.), measure, way, 
manner; hoc modo, in this 
manner; quomodo, in what 
manner . how ? multis modis, in 
many ways; modum tenere, to 
observe a limit 

moenia, -urn (pi. n.), city-walls 

moles, -Is (f.), w eight 

molestia, -ae (f.), trouble 

molestus, -a, -um, troublesome, 
irksome; mdleste" ferre, to be 
annoyed 



l (m.), a disease, sick- 



morsum, 



mollio, -ivi, -ltiim, -ire, to as- 

suage 

mollis, -e, soft; mollis educatio, 
an effeminate education 

moneo, -ui, -ltum, -ere, to ad- 
vise, xoarn 

monoceros, -otis (m.), a unicorn 

mons, -tis (m.), a mountain 

monstro, -avi, -atiim, -are, to 
show 

monumentum, -I (n.), a monu- 
ment 

morbus, 
ness 

mordeo, momordi, 
mordere, to bite 

morlbundus, -a, -tim, dying 

morior, mortuus sum, mori, to 
die 

morosus, -a, -um, cross 

mors, -tis (f.), death 

mortalis, -e, mortal 

mortuus, -a, -um, dead 

mos, -oris (m.), custom, man- 
ner; mores, morals; character; 
mores urban!, city manners 

motus, -us (m.), motion; terrae 
motus, an earthquake 

moveo, movT, motum, movere, 
to move 

mox, soon, hereafter 

muleeo, mulsi, mulsum, mul- 
cere, to tame 

miilier, -is (f.), a woman 

multitude, -mis (f.), a multitude, 
great number 

multo, much 

multo, -avi, -atiim, -are, to 
mulct, punish 

multus, -a, -tim, much, many; 
multum, greatly 

Mummitis, -l (m.) ? Mummius 



— 175 — 



mundds, -I (m.), the world 

munificent la, -ae (f.), bounty 

mimio, -ivi, -Itum, -ire, to for- 
tify 

mimus,-eris (n.), a gift; service; 
miinus afferre, to do service 

miirus, -i (m.), a ivall 

miis, miiris (m.), a mouse 

niusca, -ae (f.), a fly 

miislce, -es (f.), music 

miitatiG, -onis (f.), interchange, 
change 

muto, -avi, -atum, -are, to 
change 

mutiis, -a, -uni, mute, dumb; 
cants mut us, a silent dog 

Myndus, -I (f.), the city of Myn- 
dus 

N. 
nam, for; -nam, appended to inter- 

rogatives, pray 
namque, for 
nanciscor, nactus & nancttis 

sum, nancisci, to get 
narratiG, -onis (f.), a narrative 
narro, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

tell, relate 
nascor, natus sum, nasci, to be 

born 
nasus, -I (m.), the nose 
natalis, - (m.), a birthday 
natIO, -onis (f.), a nation, people 
nato,-avT, -atum, -are, to swim 
natu, by birth; major natu, older; 

minor natu, younger; majores 

natu, one's elders 
j natura, -ae (f.), nature; natura, 

naturally; natura corporis, 

physical constitution 
;naturalis, -e, natural 
natus, -a, -urn, born 



nauta, -ae (m.), a sailor 

navalis, -e, naval 

navigati6, -onis (f.), navigation; 
navlgatiocircum terram, a voy- 
age round the world 

navigitim, -I (n.), a vessel 

navigo, -avi, -atum, -are, to 
sail, navigate 

navis, - (f.), a ship; navibus, by 
ship 

ne, not, that not, lest; granted that 
not; -ne, interrogative particle, 
whether, if 

ne" . . quid em, not even 

Neapolis, - (f.), Naples 

nee, and not; nor; nee, .nee, 
neither . . nor 

necessarlus,-a,-um, necessary; 
necessarlus, -I (m.), a relation 

necesse est, it must needs 

necessitas, -atis (f.), necessity 

necne, or not 

neco, -avi, -atum, -are, to kill, 
slay 

nefarlus, -a, -urn, wicked 

nefas (n. indeol.), wrong, for- 
bidden 

neglegens, -tis, careless, negli- 
gent 

neglego, neglexi, neglectiim, 
neglegere, to neglect. Written 
also negligere 

nego, -avi, -atum, -are, to de- 
ny, say no 

negotium, -I (n.), an affair, mat- 
ter; business; magna negotia 
agere, to transact great affairs; 
nihil negotii, nothing to do 

nem5, -mis (m.), nobody, no one 

nepos, -otis (m.), a grandson 

NeptunGs, -I (m.), Neptune, the 
god of the sea 



— 1T6 



neque, and not; neque.. neque, 
neither.. nor; nequg tainen, 
but not; neque.. que, on the 
one hand not. . and on the other 

nequeo, nequivi, nequitum, ne- 
quire, not to be able 

NerO, -onis (m.), Nero 

nerviis, -I (m.), a nerve 

nescio, -Ivi, -ltum, -ire, not to 
know; to be ignorant of 

nesciiis, -a, -una, ignorant 

neuter, ~ra, -rum, neither of 
the two 

neutiquam, not at all 

neve, and not 

nex, necis (f.), violent death 

nidus, -I (m.), a nest 

niger, -ra, -rum, black 

nihil, nothing; nihil minus, no- 
thing less so 

nihiluni, -i (n.), nothing; nihil!, 
naught; nihilo, by nothing 

Nilus, -I (m.), the river Nile 

nimis, too much, too 

nimmm, too much [cessive 



urn, 



too much, ex- 



msl, if not, unless, except; non 



nisi, but 



nitor, nisus & nixus sum, niti, 

to stay one's self on, rest on 
nitrosus,-a,-um, alkaline 
nix, nivis (f.), snow 
nobilis, -e, celebrated; yiri nobi- 

les, the nobles 
nocens, -tis (m.), a guilty person 
noceo, -ui, -itum> -ere, to do 

harm, hurt 
noctii, at night 
noctua, -ae (f.), an owl 
nolens, -tis, unwilling (ly) 
nolo, nolm, (no sup.) nolle, to be 

unwilling, not to wish 



nomen, -inis (n.), a name 
nomino, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

call, name 
non, not; no; non solum., sed 

etiam, nOn mod5 . . sed etiam, 
v non tantum..sed etiam, not 

only . .but also; non nisi, but; 

non quod, non quo, not as if; 

non quln, not as if not 
nonaginta, ninety 
nondum, not yet 

nonng (interrog. part.), not; if not 
nonnisi, only 
nonnullT, -ae, -a, some 
nonnunquam, sometimes 
nos, we 

noster, -ra, -rum, our 
notiO, -onis (f.), an idea 
novus, -a, -urn, new; nov&, 

-orum (pi. n.), novelties; res 

novae, a revolution 
nox, noctis (f.), the night 
noxms, -a, -iim, noxious, hurt- 
ful 
nubilus, -a, -um, cloudy; nu- 

bila, -orum (n. pi.), clouds 
nubo, nupsi, nuptum, ntiberS, 

to marry (of the woman) 
niido, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

strip 
nudiis, -a, -iim, naked 
nullus, -a, -um, no, none, not 

any, not one; nullus fere, hard- 
ly one 
num (interrog, part.), ivhether, if 
Numa Pompiliiis, -ae -I (m.), 

Numa Pompilius, second king 

of Borne 
Numantia, -ae (f.), the city of 

Numantia 
numen, -inis (n.), Godhead; ntl- 

men divlnum, divine majesty 



— ITT — 



numero, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

count, reckon 
Humerus, -I (m.), a number 
NiimTdia, -ae (f.), Numidia 
Numitor, -oris (m.), Numitor, 

king of Alba 
nurninus, -1 (m.), money 
numquam or nunquam, never 
nunc, now; nunc. nunc, now.. 

now 
nunquam see numquam 
nunjlo, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

bring word 
niiper, not long ago, the other day 
nusquam, nowhere; nusquam ter- 

rarum, nowhere in the world 
nutrix, -Icis (£), a nurse 
nutus, -us (m.), a nod; ad nu- 

tum, at pleasure 

O. 

6b (with accus.), for, before, on 

account of; quam 6b causam, 

on what account 
obdormisco, obdormivl, obdor- 

mitum, obdormiscere, to go 

to sleep 
obduco, obduxT, obductum, ob- 

ducere, to cover 
obedio see oboedio 
obeo, obu, obitum, 6bire,to die 
obire see obeo 
obllviscor, oblitus sum, oblivisci, 

to forget 
oboedio, -Ivi, -ltum, -ire, to 

obey. Written also obedire 
obruo, obrui, obrutum, obruere, 

to bury 
obscuro, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

obscure 
obsecro, -avi, -atum, -are, 

to beseech 



obsldeo, obs^di, obsessum, ob- 

sidere, to besiege 
obsisto, obstiti, (no sup.), obsiste- 

re, to oppose 
obsto, obstiti, (no sup.), obstare, 

to be in the way; to intervene 
obstupesco, obstupuT, (no sup.), 

obstupescere, to be astonished 
obtineo, obtinui, obtentum, ob- 

tinere, to occupy 
obtrecto, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

decry 
occasI5, -onis (f.), an occasion, 

opportunity 
occasiis, -us (m.), the west 
occidens, -tis (m.), the west 
occicLo occidi, occasum, occi- 

dere, to set 
occido, occidi, occisum, occi- 

dere, to slay, kill 
occulto, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

hide, conceal 
occultus, -a, -urn, secret 
occupatus, -a, -urn, occupied 
occiipo, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

occupy 
Oceanus, -1 (m.), the ocean 
Octavianus, -1 (m.), Octavianus, 

surname of the emperor Au- 
octo, eight [guslus 

octoginta, eighty 
oculatus, -a, -um, having eyes; 

oculatus testis, an eye-witness 
oculiis, -l (m.), the eye 
odT, odisse, to hate 
odlosus, -a, -um, hateful 
odium, -i (n.), hatred, enmity 
odor, -oris (m.), smell 
offendo, offendi, offensiim, offen- 
der e, to offend 
offero, obtuli, oblatum, offerre, 

to offer 



1T8 



officio, offeci, offectiim, offi- 

cere, to hinder 
off Mum, ~i (n.), a duty 
olea, -ae (f.), an olive 
oleum, -I (n.), oil 
Glim, formerly 
Olympla, -ae (f.), Olympia 
Olympicus, -a, -iim, Olympian 
onritto, omlsi, omissum, oniit- 

tere, to omit 
omnis, -e, all, every, entire; 

omnia, -Mm (pi. n.), all things, 

every thing; omnia sua, all 

one's property 
onero, -avi, -atiim, -are, to 

load 
onus, -eris (n.), a burden 
onustiis, -a, -um, laden 
opera, -ae (f.), a task, service; 

opera, through the means of 
operor, -atus sum, -ari, to be 

busy 
opinio, -onis (f.), an opinion; 

opinio est, there is a report 
oportet, it behooves, there is need, 

ought; oportmt, oportere 
oppldanus, -1 (m.), a townsman 
oppldiim, -i (n.), a town 
oppono, opposui, oppositum, 

opponere, to oppose 
opportiinus, -a, -um, suitable 
opprimo, oppress!, oppresstim, 

opprlmere, to crush 
oppugno, -avi, -atum, -are, 

to besiege 
(ops), opls (f.), help; opes, -um 

means, ivealth; ope, by the 

help 
optabilis, -e, desirable 
optimus, J a, -iim, best 
opto, -avi, -atiim, -are, to 

wish for, desire 



opulentus, -3», -um, wealthy 
opus, -eris (n.), a work; opus 

est, there is need, it is need- 
ful, necessary 
or a, -ae (f.), a coast 
oraculum, -I (n.), an oracle 
oratio, -onis (f.), a speech; Ora- 

tionem habere, to deliver a 

speech 
orator, -oris . (m.), an orator, 

an envoy 
orbis, - (m.), a circle; orbis ter- 

rarum, the world 
orbo, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

deprive 
orbiis, -a, -iim, deprived of 
ordd, -mis (m.), order; ordine, 

in an orderly manner 
orlens, -tis (m.), the east 
origO, -mis (f.), origin 
orior, ortus sum, orirT, to rise, 

arise; to spring 
ornamentum, -I (n.), a jewel, 

decoration; ornamenta, works 

of art 
ornatus, -us (m.), an ornament 
orno, -avi, -atiim, -are, to 

adorn 
oro, -avi, -atiim, -are, to 

pray, ask, request, beseech 
Orpheus, -ei (m.), Orpheus, the 

famous singer 
os, oris (n.), the mouth 
ostendo, ostendi, ostenstim, 

ostendere, to shoiv 
ostiiim, -I (n.), a door; ostia, 

-oriim, the mouth (of a river) 
otiosiis, -a, -iim, of ease, idle 
otlum, -I (n.), vacant time; 

otlum non est, / have no time 
6 vis, - (f.), a sheep 
ovum, -l (n.), an egg 



— 179 



P. 

paene, nearly, almost 
paenitet, it causes sorroiv; pae- 
nituit, paenitere. Written 
also poenitet 
pagina, -ae (f.), a page 
Palatums, -a, -um, Palatine 
pallium, -I (a.), the pallium, a 

large cloak 
palus, -udis (f.), a marsh 
panis, - (m.), bread 
par, parls, equal, even; a match 
for; par est, it is fair; par pari, 
like with like 
parco, peperci, parsum, par- 
cere, to spare 
parens, -tis (m. & f.), a parent 
pareo, -ui, -Itum, -ere, to obey 
paries, -etis (m.), a wall 
pario, peperi, partum, parere, 

to secure, obtain 
parlter, together 

paro, -avi, -atum, -are, to pre- 
pare for, obtain; divitias pa- 
rare, to hoard riches; interitum 
parare, to bring destruction 
upon 
parrlcldium, -1 (n.), parricide 
pars, -tis (£), apart, side; party 
parslmonia, -ae (f.), frugality 
Parthiis, -I (m.), a Parthian 
particeps, -ipis, sharing, par- 
taker of, endowed urith 
pariim, too little, little 
parvulus, -1 (m.), a little one 
parvus, -a, -urn, little, small; 

parvo, at a low price 
pascinim, ~i (n.), a pasture 
passim, here and there 
passxis, -tis (m.), a pace; mille 
passuum, a mile 



pastor, -oris (m.), a shepherd 
patefacio, patefeci, patefactum, 

patefacere, to bring to light 
pater, -ris (m.), a father 
paterfamilias, patrisfamilias 
(m.), the father of a family 
pateraus, -a, -um, paternal 
patiens, -tis, capable of enduring 
patientia, -ae (f.), patience 
patior, passxis sum, pati, to suf- 
fer, endure; aegrg pati, to be 
grieved 
patria, -ae (f.), one's country 
patrona, -ae (f.) ) a otector 
patronus, -l (m.) ) 
paueT, -ae, -a, few, a few; pauca, 
-oruni, or paucae res, little 
paulum, little 
pauper, -is, poor; pauperes, 

-um (pi. m.), the poor 
paupertas, -atis (f.), poverty 
Pausanias, -ae (m.), Pausanias 
pavo, -onis (m.), a pea-cock 
pax, -cis (f.), peace 
pecco, -avi, -atum, -are, to sin 
pecten, -mis (m.), a comb 
pectus, -oris (n.), the breast 
pecunia, -ae (f.), money, sum of 

money 
pecus, -oris (n ) ) <jaftfe 
pecus, -udis (f.) ) 
pedes, -itis (m.), afoot-soldier 
pedisequa, -ae (f.), a waiting- 
maid 
pellis, - (f.), a skin 
pello, pepvili, pulsum, pellere, 

to drive from 
pelliicidus, -a, -um, clear 
penaria, -ae (f.), a granary 
pend<5, pependl, pensum, pen- 
dere, to weigh; parvi pendere, 
to esteem lightly 



— 180 — 



peiies (with accus.), in the hands of 
penna, -ae (f.), a pen; pennae, 

wings 
pensum, -1 (n.), a task 
peniiria, -ae (f.), scarcity 
per (with accus.), through, by, by 

means of, during; per-, very; 

per se, for one's own sake 
peractus, -a, -urn, finished 
peragro, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

wander over 
perbonus, -a, -urn, very good 
Perdiecas, -ae (m.), Perdiccas 
perdisco, perdidiei, (no sup.), per- 

discere, to learn 
perdo, perdidi, perditum, per- 

dere, to lose, ruin 
pereo,-n, -ltum, -ire, to perish 
peregrmus, -1 (m.), a stranger, 

a foreigner 
perfectus, -a, -um, perfect 
perfero, perttili, perlatum, per- 

ferre, to bear 
perfodio, perfodi, perfossum, 

perfodere, to stab to death 
perfrfior, perfructus sum, per- 

friu, to enjoy fully 
perfungor, perfunctus sum, per- 

fungi, to fulfil 
Pergamenus, -1 (m.), a Perga- 

mean 
Pericles, -is (m.), Pericles 
perlclitor, -atus sum, -ari, to 

try 
perlciilosus, -a, -um, dangerous 
perlculiim, -1 (n.), danger, risk 
peritus, -a, -um, experienced, 

skillful, skilled; peritior, a 

better judge 
perjurium, -I (n.), a perjury 
permaneo, permansi, perrnan- 

sum, permanere, to continue 



permeo, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

flow through 
perraitto, permisi, permisstim, 

permittere, to permit 
permoveo, permovi, permotiim, 

permovere, to excite 
permultus, -a, -um, very much, 

very many 
permiito, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

exchange 
pernicies, -ei (f.), ruin 
perniciosiis, -a, -um, perni- 
cious 
perpetior, perpessus sum, per- 

peti, to suffer patiently 
perpetuo, constantly 
perpetuus, -a, -um, perpetual, 

constant 
Pers&, -ae (m.), a Persian 
persequor, perseciitus sum, 

persequi, to hunt down 
persevgro, -avi, -attim, -are, 

to persevere 
Persicus, -&, -tim, Persian 
Persis, -ldis (f.), Persia 
perspieuus,-a,-um, clear, plain 
persuadeo, persuasi, persuasiim, 

persuadere, to persuade^ con- 

vince 
perterreo, -tii, -ltum, -ere, to 

frighten 
pertineo, -ui, (no sup.), -ere, to 

pertain 
perturbo, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

disturb 
pervenlo, perveni, perventiim, 

pervenire, to arrive in, 

reach; pervenire in caelum, 

to pass into heaven 
pes, pedis (m.), afoot; pedibus, 

afoot 
pessime, utterly 



— 181 — 



peto, pStivi, petitum, petere, j 
to seek; to look for, entreat, 
beseech; to attack; pacem pS- 
tere, to sue for peace; Italiam 
petere, to make for Italy 
petulantiS, -ae (f.), sauciness 
Phllippus, -I (m.), Philip, king 

of Macedonia 
phllosophus,-! {m), a philosopher 
Phoenix, -Icis (m.), aPhenician 
pictor, -oris (m.), a painter 
pletas, -atis (f.), piety 
piget,i£ disgusts, grieves; piguit 

or pigitum est, pigere 
pigritia, -ae (f.), laziness, in- 
dolence 
piliis, -I (m.), a hair 
pingo, pinxi, pictum, pingere, 

to paint 
pinguis, -S, fat 
pirata, -ae (m.), a pirate 
pirum, -l (n.), a pear 
piscator, -oris (m.), an angler 
piscis, - (m.), a fish 
piscor, -atus sum, -ari, to fish 
plus, -&, -urn, pious 
pix, picis (f.), pitch [please 

placeo, -til, -ltuni, -ere, to 
placo, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

appease 
plane, completely, quite, perfectly 
Plataeae, -arum (pi. f.), Plataea 
Plataeensis, - (m.), a Plataean 
Plato, -onis (m.), Plato, a famous 

Greek philosopher 
plaustrtim, -I (n.), a wagon 
plebes, -el ) (f.), the common 
plebs, -is ] people, populace 
plenus, -&, -urn, full, covered 

with 
plerique, pleraequS, pler&que, 
very many, most 



plSrumque, commonly, generally 
Plinius, -I (m.), Pliny 
ploro,-avi, -atum, -are, to cry 
pluma, -ae (f.), a feather 
pluo, plui, (no sup.), pluere, to rain 
plurimus, -a, -urn, most, very 
much or many; plurimo (pre- 
tio), at a very high price 
plus, -ris, more; pltires, -a or 
-IS, many, several; pluris, 
dearer 
Pluto, -onis (m.), Pluto, the king 

of the lower world 
pluvia, -ae (f.), rain 
poculum, -l (n.), a cup 
poena, -ae (f.), punishment; 
poenas dare, to suffer punish- 
ment 
poenitet see paenitet 
poeta, -ae (m.), a poet 
polllceor, -ltus sum, -eri, to 

promise 
pomarium, -I (n.), an orchard 
pompa, -ae (f.), a procession 
Pompejus, -I (m.), Pompey 
pondus, -eris (n.), weight 
pono, posui, positum, ponere, 
to place; to put, lay down; 
castra ponere, to pitch a camp; 
monumenta ponere, to erect 
monuments 
Ponticus, -a, -um, Pontic 
Pontus, -I (m.), Pontus, a dis- 
trict in Asia Minor 
popularis, -e, popular; a fellow- 
countryman 
populatlO, -onis (f.), devastation 
populus, -l (m.), a people, nation 
porrlgo, porrexi, porrectiim, 
porrlgere, to stretch out; to 
hand; man urn porrigerS, to 
shake hands 



— 182 — 



porta, -ae (f.), a gate 
portid, -onis (f.), a share 
porto, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

carry 

posco, poposci, (no sup.), poscere, 
to demand, to ask 

possess! 8, -onis (f.), 'property 

possideo, possedi, possesstini, 
possidere, to possess 

possum, potui, posse, to be able 

post (with accus.), behind, after 

postea, afterwards 

in posteruni, in future [noon 

postmendianiis, -&, -urn, after- 

postquam, after; after that 

postremo, finally 

postremus -a, -8m, last 

postulo, -avi, -atum, -are, to 
demand, ask 

potens, -tis, powerful 

potentia, -ae (f.), power 

potestas, -atis (f.), power; po- 
testatem dare, to give permis- 
sion 

potiG, -onis (f.), drink 

potior, -Itus sum, -Iri, to take 
or acquire possession of to 
make one's self master of; re- 
rum potlri, to get control of 
affairs 

potissimum, most of all 

potms, rather 

potus, -us (m.), drink 

prae (with ablat.), before, in com- 
parison with, on account of 

praebeo, -ui, -Itum, -ere, to 
afford; se praebere, to show 
one's self 

praeceptor, -oris (m.), a teacher 

praeceptum, -i (n.), a precept, 
maxim, rule 

praecipiie, principally, especially 



praeclare, very well 
praeclariis, -a, -um, renowned, 

excellent 
praecurro, praeciicurri, praecur- 

sum, praecurrere, to precede 
praedico, -avi, -atum, "-are, to 

boast, advertise 
praedico, praedixi, praedictiini ? 

praedlcere, to predict 
praeditus, -a, -um, endowed 
praedium, -1 (n.), an estate 
praefero, praetiili, praelatum, 

praeferre, to carry before; to 

prefer 
praemitto, praemisi, praemis- 

sum, praemittere, to send 

ahead 
praemmm, -I (n.), a reward 
praenuntius,-! (m.), a precursor 
praesens, -tis, present 
praeses, -ldis (m.), a governor 
praesidiiim, -l (n.), assistance, 

guard 
praestabilis, -e ) excellent, dis- 
praestans, -tis ) tinguished 
praestat, it is better 
praesto, at hand, present; praesto 

esse, to wait upon 
praesto, praestiti, (no sup.), prae- 

stare, to afford; se praestare, 

to show one's self 
praeter (with accus.), along, except, 

besides 
praetereo, praetem, praeteri- 

tiim, praeterire, to pass by; 

praeterit me, it escapes my 

notice, is unknown to me 
praeteritus, -a, -um, past, last; 

praeterit a, -orum, past things 
praetermitto, praetermisi, prae- 

termissum, praetermittere, 

to let slip, to omit 



183 — 



pratum, -i (n.), a meadow 

prave facta, -ortim (pi. n.), evil 
deeds 

pravus,-a,-um, bad, wicked 

preces, -um (pi. f.), prayers 

premo, press!, pressum, pre- 
mere, to overcome 

pretium, - 1 (n.) , a price; value; 
magno (pretio), pliirmio (pre- 
tio), at a high, very high price 

prldie quam, the day before 

prlmo, piimiim, at first 

primus, -a, -um, first; in primis, 
among the foremost] prlmo 
vere, in the beginning of spring 

princeps, -ipis (m.), a chief 
prince; first 

principium, -1 (n.), a beginning; 
principle, at the beginning 

prior, -us, former, first; priiis, 
sooner 

prlusquam, before that, before 

prlvo, -avi, -atum, -are, to 
deprive 

pro (with ablat.), for, instead of 
consistently ivith 

probitas, -atis (£), probity 

probo, -avi, -atum, -are, to 
approve, to judge 

proboscis, -idis (f.), the trunk of 
an elephant 

probus, -a, -um, upright, vir- 
tuous, well-behaved, honest 

procerus, -a, -um, tall 

procreo, -avi, -atum, -are, to 
produce 

prociil, at a distance 

procumbo, procubui, procfibi- 
tum, procumbere, to lie down 

prodesse see prosum 

prodltiG, -onis (f.), treason 

proelior,-atus sum,- ari, to fight 



proelium, -I (n.), a battle 

profecto, indeed, in fact 

proficiscor, profectus sum, pro- 
ficisci, to set out, depart, come 
from 

profundo, profudi, profusum, 
profundere, to shed, to give up 

prohlbeo, -ui, -itum, -ere, to 
restrain, keep from; to check 

proinde, accordingly; proinde ac 
si or quasi, as if 

projicio, projeci, projectum, 
projicere, to throw forth; se 
projicere, to plunge 

promitto, promisi, promissGm, 
proinittere, to promise 

prope (with accus.), near; prope 
ad (with accus.), near to; prope 
ut, almost like 

propensus, -a, -um, inclined 

propero, -avi, -atum, -are, to 
hasten 

propinquus, -i (m.), a relative 

propior, -us, nearer 

propono, proposui, propositum, 
proponere, to offer 

proprius, -a, -um, own; char- 
acteristic; proprium est, it is 
the mark 

propter (with accus.), on account 
of, near by, from, in conse- 
quence of; propter id ipsum, 
for this very reason 

prorsiis, wholly; non prorsus, 
not at all 

prosequor, prosecutus sum, pro- 
sequi, to attend upon 

Proserpina, -ae (f.), Proserpine 

prosper, -a, -um, prosperous; 
res prosperae, prosperity; va- 
letiido prospera, good health 

prosper^, successfully 



184 — 



prospici5, prospexi, prospec- 

tiim, prospicere, to foresee; 

futfira prospicere, to look into 

the future 

prosum, profm, prodesse, to he 

useful, do good, benefit 
protiniis, immediately 
provenio, proven!, proventum, 

provenire, to thrive 
proverbiuni, -1 (n.), a proverb 
providentia, -ae (f.), providence 
provideo, provid!, provisum, 
providere, to foresee, provide 
for 
provincia, -ae (f.), a province 
proximus, -&, -um, nearest, 
next, last; proximus bonis, 
next best 
prudens, -tis, prudent, sensible 
Prusias, -ae (m.), Prusias, king 

of Bithynia 

pfibliciis, -a, -um, public; res 

piibllca, the commonwealth, 

state, republic, public affairs 

Publius, -l (m.), Publius 

piidet, it shames, puduit or pii- 

dituni est, piidere 
puell&, -ae (f.), a girl 
piier, -I (m.), a boy 
pueritia, -ae (f.), childhood 
pugiS, -onis (m.), a dagger 
pugna, -ae (f.), a fight, battle 
pugno, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

fight 
pulcher, -ra, -rum, beautiful, 
fine; pulcherrimiis, most glor- 
ious 
pulchritudo, -inis (f.), beauty 
pulmO, -onis (m.), a lung 
pulvis, -eris (in.), dust 
pumex, -ids /m.), a pumice- 
stone 



pungo, pupugi, punctum, pun- 

gere, to sting 
Piinicus, -a, -urn, Punic 
punio, -Ivi, -itum, -ire, to 

punish 
puto, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

think, consider, reckon 
Pyrrhus, -I (m.), Pyrrhus, king 

of Epirus 
Pythagoras, -ae (m.), Pythago- 
ras, a celebrated philosopher 
Pythagorgus, -T (m.), a Pytha- 
gorean 

Q. 

qua, ivhich way, where 
quadraginta, 40 
quadringentesimtis, -a, -iim, the 

400th 
quadringenti, -ae, -a, 400 
quadrupes, -edis (m.), a qua- 
druped 
quaero, quaes! vT, qnaesitiur, 

quaerere, to ask, inquire; 

quaeritur, the question is 
quaeso, / beseech 
quaestor, -oris (ru.), a quaestor 
quails, -e, what kind of 
quam, how; than; what; how 

much 
quam dm, how long? as long as 
quamquam, although 
quam vis, although, however 

(much) 
quando ? when? 
quandoquidem, since 
quanto, how much 
quanto . . tanto, the . . the 
quantum, how much? as much as 
quantumvls, however much 
quantus, -a, -um, how great? 

as great as 



— 185 — 



quarg, why 

quartiis, -a, -Urn, the fourth 

quasi, as if, as it were 

quaterni, -ae, -a, four by four 

quattuor, four 

-que (to be appended to the word), 

and 
quemadmodum, how; quemad- 
modum.. ita, as., so 
queo, qurvi, quitum, quire, to 

be able 
qui, quae, quod, who, which, 

that; qui, he who; quae (pi. n.), 

those things which 
quia, because 
quid, why? 
quldam, quaedam, quiddam, 

quoddam, some one } a certain 

one, a kind of 
quidem, indeed 
quidnl, why not? 
quiesco, quievi, quletum, quies- 

cere, to rest, to retire to rest 
quilibet, quaelibet, quidlibet, 

quodlibet, any one, every one 
quin, that not 
quinquagesimus, -a, -fim, the 

50th 
quinque, jive 

quintus, -&, -urn, the fifth 
quis, quid, wlw, what? quisnam, 

quidnam, who, what I pray? 
quispiam, any one; quidplam, 

any thing 
quisquam, any one; quidquam, 

any thing 
quisquS, quaequg, quidquS, quod- 

que, each one, any one 
quisquis, quidquid, whoever, 

whichever, whatever 
quivls, quaevis, quidvis, quodvls, 

every, every body; every thing 



quo, that, in order that, so that 

quo, whither; quC.eo, the.. the 

quoad, as long as, up to, until 

quod, because, that 

quodammodo, in a measure 

quodsl, but if 

quominus, that not 

quomodo, how 

quonam, whither pray? 

quondam, once, formerly 

quoniam, since, in as much as 

quoque, also, loo 

quot, how many? 

quotidie see cotidie 

quotiens, how often? 

quotus, -&,-um, what? (in num- 
ber or order) 

quotusquisque, quotaquaeque, 
quotumquodque, how few? 

quousque, how long? 

R. 

rabiosus, -a, -urn, mad 

radius, -1 (m.), a ray 

radix, -Icis (f.), a root 

rana, -ae (f.), a frog 

rapinae, -arum (pl.f.), plunder 

rapio, rapui, raptum, rapere, 
to hurry 

raritas, -atis (f.), scarcity, in- 
frequency 

raro, seldom, rarely 

rarus, -a, -una, rare 

ratio, -onis (f.), reason, reflec- 
tion; omni ratione, in every 
way 

recedo, recess!, recessum, rScg- 
dere, to depart, move back- 
wards 

recipio, recgpi, receptum, recl- 
pere, to take back; s£ rScipSrS, 
to retreat; to betake one's self 



— 186 



recito, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

recite 
recordatiG, -onis (f.), recollection 
recordor, -atus sum, -ari, to 

remember 
recreatiG, -onis (f.), recreation 
recreor, -atus sum, -ari, to re- 
cover 
recte, right, rightly; recte facere, 

to do right 

rector, -oris (m.), master, ruler 

rectus, -a, -um, right, straight; 

virtuous; recta consilla, good 

advice 

rScumbo, recubui, (no sup.), -ere, 

to lie down 
r&curro, recurri, (no sup.), -ere, 

to return 
recuso, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

refuse 
reddo, reddidi, redditum, red- 
dere, to restore, return, to 
make; (Imagmem) to reflect 
redeo, redii, reditum, redire, 

to return 
redimo, redemi, redempttim, 

redimere, to buy, redeem 
refero, retuli & rettuli, rela 
turn, referre, to carry bach, 
refer, tell, relate; domum re- 
ferre, to carry home; par pari 
referre, to return like with like 
refert, it concerns, matters 
refertus, -a, -um, stuffed 
reflecto, reflexT, renexum, re- 

flectere, to bend 
reformldo, -avi, -atuni, -are, 

to dread 
regia, -ae (f.), a king 7 s palace 
rgglna, -ae (f.), a queen 
regius, -a, -um, kingly \reign 
regno, -avi, -atum, -are, to 



regniim, -1 (n.), dominion, gov- 
ernment, kingdom 

rego, rexi, rectum, regere, to 
rule, govern 

religio, -onis (f.), an oath; re- 
ligion 

relinquo, rellqui, relictum, relin- 
quere, to leave (behind) 

reliqua, -orum (pi. n.), the rest 

remaneo, remansi,(no sup.), rema- 
nere, to stay 

remedium, -1 (n.), a remedy 

remmiscor, (no perf.), reminisci, 
to remember 

remitto, reinlsi, remissum, re- 
mittere, to slacken 

Remus, -l (m.), Remus, the broth- 
er of Romulus 

renuntio, -avi, -atum, -are, to 
bring back word 

reparo, -avi, -atum, -are, to 
restore 

repello, repiili, repulsum, repel- 
lere, to repel; injurlam re- 
peliere, to prevent a ivrong; 
injurlam servitutis depellere, 
to ward off the outrage of 
slavery 

repente, suddenly 

reperio, reperi, repertfim, repe- 
rire, to find; to devise 

repeto, repetivi, repetitiim, re- 
peter e, to repeat 

repetundae, -arum (pi. f.), ex- 
tortion 
repleo, replevi, repletum, re- 

plere, to fill 
reporto, -avi, -attim, -are, to 

carry back 
reprehendo, reprehend!, repre- 
henstim, reprehendere, to find 
fault ivith 



187 



repudio, -av!, -atiim, -are, to 

cast off 

requirS, rgqulsrv!, requis!tum, 
requirere, to inquire into; to 
request 

res, re! (f.), a thing, affair, event, 
circumstance; res adversae, 
adversity; res familiarls, pro- 
perty; r5s prosperae, secundae, 
prosperity; r£s publica, the 
commonwealth, state; republic; 
res militans, military affairs; 
res novae, a revolution 

resists, restit!, (ncfsup.), rSsistere, 
to offer resistance 

respiciS, respexi, respectum, 
respicere ad, to look to; respi- 
cere finem, to keep the goal in 
view 

respondeS, respond!, responsum, 
respondere, to answer, reply 

responsum, -! (n.), an answer 

restituS, restituT, restitutum, 
restituere, to restore, rebuild 

resurgS, resurrex!, resurrec- 
tum, resurgere, to rise again 

retards, -av!, -atum, -are, to 
delay 

rete, -is (n.), a net 

retineS, retmui, retenfrQm, 
retinere, to detain 

reus, -I (m.), the defendant; 
reum facere, to summon 

revereor, -ltus sum, -eri, to 
respect, reverence, revere 

revertor, revert! (active), revert!, 
to return 

revocS, -av!, -atum, -are, to 
recall 

rex, regis (m.), a king 

Rhea Silvia, -ae -ae (f.), Rhea 
Silvia 



RhSnus, -I (m.), the Rhine 
rhmocerSs, -Stis (m.), a rhino- 
ceros 
Rhodanus,-!(m.), the river Rhone 
rldeS, ris!, risum, ridere, to 

laugh (at) 
ridiculus, -a, -um, silly 
risus, -us (m.), laughing 
ritu, after the manner 
robustus, -a, -um, stout [at 
rodS,ros!,rosum, rodere, to carp 
rogatti, at the request 
rogS, -av!, -atum, -are, to askj 

request, inquire 
rogus, -I (m.), a funeral pile 
Roma, -ae (f.), Rome 
Romanus, -a, -um, Roman 
Romulus, -i (m.), Romulus 
Roscius, -! (m.), Roscius 
ruber, ~ra, -rum, red 
rubigS, -inis (t), rust 
rus, runs (n.), the country; a 
farm; a field; run, in the 
country; rure, from the coun- 
try; rus, into the country 
rusticiis, -! (m.), a peasant 

S. 
SabinGs, -&, -tim, Sabine; Sa- 

bin!,-orum (pi. m.), the Sabine 

territory 
sacer, ~ra, -rum, holy 
sacriftcium, -! (n.), a sacrifice 
saecultim, -! (n.), a generation 
saepe, often, frequently; saeplus, 

oftener; saepissime, oftenest 
saepes, -is (f.), a hedge 
Saguntum, -! (n.), the city of 

Saguntum 
sal, sails (m.), salt 
Salamis, -mis (f.), the island of 

Salamis (Aoo. Salamlna) 



— 188 



Salomon, -SnYs (m.), Solomon 
sal to, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

dance 
ealtus, -uum (pi. m.), woods 
ealiiber,-ris,-re, salutary, salu- 
brious, wholesome 
salus, -litis (f.), safety, welfare 
salutaris, -S, beneficial 
saluto, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

salute; to pay one's respects 

sancio, sanxi, sanctum & san- 

eitum, sancire, to sanction; 

legem sancire, to pass a law 

sanctitas, -atls (f.), goodness 

Sanctis, -&, -um, sacred; sanc- 

tissimus, sovereign 
sane, indeed, certainly, of course 
sanguis, -Inis (m.), blood 
sanitas, -atis (f.), recovery 
sano, -avi, -atum, -are, to heal 
sanus, -a, -uni, sound 
sapiens, -tis, wise 
sapientia, -ae (f.), wisdom 
sapio, sapivi & sapui, (no sup.), 

sapere, to be wise 
sapor, -oris (m.), taste 
sarcinae, -arum (pi. f.), baggage 
Sardus, -i (m.), a Sardinian 
sat, satis, enough, sufficiently 
satelles, -itis (m.), an attendant 
satio, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

satiate, satisfy, glut 
satis, enough, sufficiently 
satisfacio, -feci, -factum, -fa- 
cere, to discharge 
Saturnus, -1 (m.), Saturn; Sa- 
turn! Stella, the planet Saturn 
saxum, -l (n.), a rock 
scala, -ae (f.), a ladder 
sceleratus, -&, -urn, wicked 
scelus, -eris (n.), a crime 
scenicus, -I (m.), a stage player 



schoia, -ae (f.), a school 
sciens,-tls, skilful, knowing(ly) 
scientia, -ae (f.), knowledge 
scio, -ivi, -itum, -ire, to know 
ScTpio, -onis (m.j, Scipio, a Ro- 
man noble name 
sciscitor, -atus sum, -ari, to 

inquire 
scribo, scrips!, scriptum, serl- 

bere, to write 
scriptor, -oris (m.), a writer 
Scytha, -ae (m.), a Scythian 
secerno, secrevi, secretum, sS- 

cernere, to separate 
secreto, privately 
sector, -atus sum, -ari, to fol- 
low 
secundum (with accus.), immedi- 
ately after, next to, according 
to, along 
secundus, -a, -tim, the second; 
res seeundae, prosperity; for- 
ttina secunda, good fortune; 
tempora secunda, prosperity 
secus, otherwise 
sed, but 

sedes, -is (f.), a settlement 
seclitiS, -onis (f.), sedition 
sejungo, sejunxi, sejunctum, sS- 

jungere, to separate 
Semirainis, -Idis (f.), Semiramis 
semper, always 

sempiternus, -t&, -tim, eternal 
senator, -oris (m.), a senator 
senatus, -us (m.), the senate 
senecta, -ae (f.), old age 
senectus,-utis (f.), old age; sum- 
ma senectus, extreme old age 
sSnesco, senui, (no sup.), senes- 

cere, to decay 
senex, -is (m.), an old man; in 
one's old age 



— 189 — 



sensiis, -us (m.), a sense, sens- 
ibility; sensus videndl, the 
sense of sight 

sententiS, -ae (f.), a sentence; 
opinion, sentiment; omnium 
judicum sententia, the unani- 
mous decision of the judges 

sentio, sensi, sen sum, sentir£, 
to perceive, feel; to be aware of 

sgparo, -avi, -atum, -are, to 
distinguish, separate 

septem, 7 

Septimus, -a, -um, the seventh 

septingenteslmus, -a, -iini, the 
700th 

septuagesimus, -a,-um, the 70th 

septuaginta, 70 

sepulcrum, -I (n.), a tomb 

sepultura, -ae (f.), a burial 

sequor, secutus sum, sequi, to 
follow; partes sequi, to take 
the side of 

serentis, -a, -um, serene 

sermS, -onis (m.), a talk, lan- 
guage 

sero, sevi, satum, serere, to 
sow, plant 

serpens, -tis (m.), a serpent 

Sertoriiis, -l (m.), Sertorius 

servio, -Ivi, -ltum, -ire, to 
serve, be a slave 

servitus, -utis (f.), slavery, 
servitude 

Servius Tullitis, -I -I (m.), Ser- 
vius Tullius 

servo, -avi, -atum, -ar£, to 
observe; to save; incolumem 
servare, to keep safe; in me- 
moria servare, to keep in 
mind; justitiam servare, to 
observe justice 

servus, -I (m.), a slave, servant 



sevSritas, -atis (f.), severe judg- 
ment 
severas, -a, -um, severe 
sex, six 

sexaginta, sixty 
sextarlus, -I (m.), a pint 
sextiis, -a, -um, the sixth 
si, if; si modo, if only, provided 

that; si nun, if not 
sic, so 

sicco, -avi, -atum, -are, to dry 
Sicilia, -ae (f.), Sicily 
sidus, -eris (n.), a star 
signlfico, -avi, -atuin, -are, 

to give notice 
signxim, -I (n.), a sign 
silentium, -I (n.), silence; silen- 

tio, in silence 
sileo, -iii, (no sup.), -ere, to be 

silent 
silva, -ae (f.), a forest, wood 
similis, -e, like 

similittid5,-inis (f.), resemblance 
simplex, -icis, simple 
simiil, together 

simulac, simulatque, as soon as 
simulo, -avi, -atiim, -are, to 

feign 
sin, but if, if not 
sincertis, -a, -iim, sincere 
sine (with ablat), without 
singuli, -ae, -a, one by one 
sinister, -ra, -riim, left 
slno, sivi, situm, sinere, to let, 

suffer, permit 
siquidem, since, in as much as 
sltio, -IvT, -ltum, -ire, to be 

thirsty, to thirst (for) 
sitis, - (f.), thirst 
situs, -us (m.), the situation 
situs, -a, -um, situated 
6lve, or; slve. .siv£, whether. . or 



— 190 — 



societas, -atis (f.), society, com- 
panionship 
Socrates, -is (m.), Socrates 
sodalis, - (m.), a schoolmate 
sol, -is (m.), the sun 
sOlatlfim, -I (n.), a consolation 
soleo, solitus sum, solere, to be 

wont, accustomed, to use 
solitude, -Inis (f.), solitude 
sollertia, -ae (f.), skill' 
Solon, -onis (m.), Solon 
solum, -l (ri.), the soil, land 
solus, -a, -um, alone 
somnio, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

dream 
somnium, -l (n.), a dream 
somnus, -! (m.), sleep 
sonitus, -us (m.), a sound 
Sophocles, -is (m.), Sophocles 
sordidus, -a,~um, mean 
soror, -oris (f.), a sister 
sors, -tis (f.), a lot 
Spartanus, -! (m.), a Spartan 
spatium, -I (n.), space 
species, -ei (f.), appearance, 

show 
specto, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

view; to look to, at; to concern, 

to inquire into 
speculum, -T (n.), a mirror 
spelunca, -ae (f.), a cave 
spero, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

hope for, expect 
spes, spel, (f.), hope 
splendeo, (no perf. & sup.), -ere, 

to shine, to be bright 
spolio, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

plunder, strip 
sponte, freely, of one's own 

accord 
squama, -ae (f.), the scale (of a 

fish) 



stabllTs, -e, permanent 

stabilitas, -atis (f.), stability 

stadium, -l (n.), a race 

statim, at once, immediately 

statuo, statu!, statuttim, sta- 
tiiere, to set, place; to decide 

statura, -ae (f.), stature 

stella, -ae (f.), a star; stella Ve- 
neris, the planet Venus; Sa- 
turn! stella, the planet Saturn 

sterciis, -oris (n.), dung 

sterilis, -e, barren 

stilus, -I (m.), a stilus 

stirps, -is ,(f.), a root 

sto, stet!, statum, stare, to 
stand; to cost 

st5machus, -! (m.), the stomach 

stratum, -! (n.), a cloth 

studeo, -ul, (no sup.), -ere, to 
devote one's self; agriculturae 
studere, to pursue agriculture 

studiosus, -a, -um, devoted to 

studium, -! (n.), study; zeal; 
studium litterarum, love of 
letters; literary studies; sine 
Ira et studio, without anger 
and partiality; studia,-orum, 
a pursuit 

stultitia, -ae (f.), folly 

stultus, -a, -um, foolish; stul- 
tiis, -l (m.), a fool 

sturniis, -i (m.), a starling 

suadeo, suasi, suasum, suadere, 
to advise, recommend, per- 
suade 

suaviter, quietly 

sub (with accus.), under, about; 
(with ablat.), under, below 

siibeo, subi!, subitum, subire, 
to undergo 

subigo, subeg!, subactum, subT- 
gere, to subdue 






— 191 — 



subito, on a sudden 
subitus, -a, -um, sudden 
6ubjicio, subjeci, subjectum, 

subjicere, to subject 
subsequor, subseciitus sum, sub- 

sequi, to follow 
subter (with accus.), under, beneath 
subvenio, subveni, subventum, 

subvenire, to assist 
successor, -oris (m.), a successor 
succurro, succurri, suecursum, 

succurrere, to succor 
sudor, -oris (m.), perspiration 
Suebi, -orum (pi. m.), the Suebi 
suggestiiin, -I (n.), a platform 
sugo, suxi, suctum, siigere, 

to suck 
Sulla, -ae (m.), Sulla, the cele- 
brated Roman dictator 
Sullanus, -a, -um, of Sulla 
sum, fin, esse, to be: to be (worth); 
to cost; esse alicui cum aliquo, 
to have to do with; magni esse, 
to be of great account; plurls 
esse, to be of more account, to 
be worth more 
sumnms, -a, -urn, utmost, great- 
est, highest; summa omnium 
rerum, the authority of all 
things; summits mons, the top 
of a mountain 
sumo, sumpsi, sumptum, sii- 

mere, to take 
sumptiis, -us (m.), expense 
super (with accus.), over, above, 
on; super (with ablat), con- 
cerning 
siiperbia, -ae (f.), pride 
siiperbio, (no perf. & sup.), -ire, 

to pride one's self 
superbus, -a, -um, proud 
superior, -us, upper 



supero, -avT, -atum, -arS, to 

excel in; to conquer, overcome 

superstitiG, -onis (f.), supersti- 
tion 

supervaciius, -a, -um, needless 

suppliciiim, -T (n.), punishment 

supplico, -a\i, -atiim, -are, 
to beg 

suppono, supposui, supposition, 
supponere, to put under 

supra (with accus.), above, more 
than, over 

surgo, surrexi, surrectum, sur- 
gere, to rise, get up; cubitu 
surgere, to rise from bed 

suscipio, suscepi, susceptum, 
suscipere, to undertake 

suspeetus, -a, -um, suspected 

sustmeo, sustmiii, sustentum, 
sustinere, to bear, assume, 
hold out 

siius, ~a, -um, his, her, its, 
their (own); omnia sua, all 
one's property; sui, -orum, 
those dear to one; one's family 

Syracusae, -arum (pi. f.), Syra- 
cuse 

Syria, -ae (f.), Syria 

T. 

tabula, -ae (f.), a table 

taceo, -ui, -ltum, -ere, to be 

still, silent 

Tacitus, -I (m.), Tacitus, a cele- 
brated Roman historian 

tactus, -us (m.), touch 

taedet, it wearies, tires; pertae- 
siim est, taederS 

taedium, -i (n.), tedium 

talis, -e, such 

tarn, so; tarn . . quam, so . . as, so 
much as; both . . and 



192 — 



tamen, nevertheless 

Tamesis, - (f.), the river Thames 

tametsi, although 

tamquam, as ff 

tandem, at length; pray 

tango, tetigi, tactum, tangere, 
to touch; fulmine tangere, to 
strike by lightning 

tantidem, at the same price 

tan to, so much 

tantum, only, but 

tantus,-a,-um, so great,somuch 

Tarqumius, -I (m.), Tarquin, 
king of the Romans 

taurus, -I (m.), a bull 

tectum, -I (n.), a roof 

tego, texi, tectum, tegere, to 
cover, shelter 

telum, -I (n.), a weapon 

tempero, -avi, -a turn, -are, to 
rule; temperare aliciii,fo spare; 
temperare ab aliquo, to abstain 

tempestas, -atis (f.), a storm, 
tempest 

templum, -I (n.), a temple 

tempus, -oris (n.), time; tempiis 
anni, a season; tempora se- 
cunda, prosperity; tempus fii- 
turiim, the future; tempus 
matutinum, morning; tempora 
-urn (pi. n.), the temples 

teneo, tenui, tentum, tenere, 
to hold, to keep up; modiim te- 
nere, to observe a limit; risum 
tenere, to keep laughing down 

tener, -a, -tim, tender 

tento, -avi, -atum, -are, to try, 
attempt 

tenuis, -e, thin, slender 

tenus (with abl.), as far as 

Terentlus, -I (m.), Terence, a 
celebrated comic poet 



terra, -ae (f.), the earth, land; a 

country; orbis terrarum, the 

world; terra marlque, by land 

and sea; terrae motiis, an 

earthquake 
terrestris, -e, terrestrial; animal 

terrestre, a land animal 
terror, -oris (m.), terror 
tertlus, -a, -iim, the third 
testamentum, -I (n.), a will 
testis, - (m. & f.), a witness; 

Deo tests, calling on God to 

witness 
testor,-atus sum,-ari, to testify 
testiido, -mis (f.), a tortoise 
texo, texui, textum, texere, to 

weave 
Thales, -is (m.), Thales, one of 

the 7 ivise men 
Thebanus, -l (m.), a Theban 
Themistocles, -is (m.), Themis- 

tocles, a -celebrated Athenian 

commander 
Thermopylae, -artim (pi. f.), 

Thermopylae 
thesaurus, -I (m.), a treasure 
Tiberius, -T (m ), Tiberius, a 

Roman name 
tigris, - (m.), a tiger 
timeo, -ui, (no sup.), -ere, to 

fear, to be afraid 
timidus, -a, -um, timid 
Timoleon,-ontis (m.) ,Timoleon 
timor, -oris (m.), fear 
tingo, tinxi, tinctiim, tingere, 

to dip 
titiibo, -avi, -atum, -arS, to 

stumble 
tituliis, -l (m.), an inscription 
Titus, -I (m.), Titus, a Roman 

emperor 
tolerabllis, -e, endurable 



— 193 — 



tolero, -a vi, -atum, -are, to 

endure, bear 

tollo, sustuli, sublatum, tollere, 
to take up 

Tomyris, - (f.), Tomyris, a Scy- 
thian queen 

tondeo, totondi, tonsum, ton- 
dere, to shear, shave 

tonitru, -us (n.), thunder 

ton<5, tonui, tonitum, tonarg, 
to thunder 

tonsor, -oris (m.), a barber 

Torquatiis, -I (m.), Torquatus 

tot, so many 

totiens, so often 

totus, -a, -iim, whole, all; wholly 

trado, tradidi, traditum, tra- 
ders, to deliver; to betray 

tragoedia, -ae (f.), a tragedy 

traho, traxi, tractum, trahere*, 
to draw, drag 

Trajanus, -I (m.), Trajan, a Ro- 
man emperor 

trajicIO, trajgci, trajeetum, tra- 
jicere, to cross over 

tranquillfis, -5,, -um, calm, tran- 
quil 

trans (with accus.), across, over, 
beyond 

Transalpinus, -a, -um, Trans- 
alpine 

transduco, transduxi, transduc- 
tum, transducer^, to bring 
across 

transeo, transiT, transittim, 
transirS, to pass (away); to 
cross 

transfSro, transtuli, transla- 
tion, transferre, to bring 
across 

transflgo, transfixT, transfixum, 
transfigure, to stab 



transilio, -Hi, (no sup.), -ire, to 

leap across 
transports, -avi, -atiim, -are, 

to carry 
transversus, -a, -um, across; 

transversus digitus, a finger's 

breadth 
trecentl, -ae, -a, three hundred 
tres, tria, three 
tribuo, tribui, trlbutum, tri- 

buere, to give, confer on; 

beneficia tribuerg, to bestow 

benefits 
tricesimus, -a, -um, 30th 
triennium, -I (n.), 3 years 
triginta, thirty 
tristis, -e, sad 
triumpho, -avi, -atum, -are, 

to triumph 
triumphus, -I (m.), a triumph 
Troja, -ae (f.), the city of Troy 
Trojanus, -a, -um, Trojan 
trucido, -avi, -atiim, -are, to 

slay 
truncus,-! (m.), the trunk of a tree 
trux, triicis, fierce 
tu, thou 

tuba, -ae (f.), a trumpet 
tuber, -is (n.), a lump 
tiieor, -ltus sum, -eri, to look 

to, piloted 
Tullus Hostilitts, -l -l (m.), Tul- 

lus Hostilius 
turn, then, at the time when; 

turn . . turn, then . . then 
turpis, -e, shameful, disgrace- 
ful; base; turpla, base actions 
turrls, - (f.), a tower 
Tusculanum, -I (n.), a Tusculan 

farm 
tutor, -oris (ra.), a guardian 
tuttis, -&, -um, safe, secure 



— 194 — 



titus, -a, -urn, thy, your 
typographicus, -a, -i5m, of 

printing; ars typographic^, 

the art of printing 
tyranntis, -I (m.), a tyrant 
Tyrus, -I (f.), Tyre 

V. 

ubi, where; ubinam, where pray? 

ubi terrarum, where in the 

world? ubi, fibi primum, as 

soon as 
tibicunque, wherever; ubicunque 

terrarum, wherever in the world 
ubique, everywhere 
ulliis, -a, -urn, any 
ultimtis, -a, -urn, last 
ultra (with accus.), beyond, on the 

other side of past 
ultro, of one y s own accord 
ulula, -ae (f.), an owl 
umbra, -ae (f.), a shadow 
una, together; tina cum, along 

with 
unda, -ae (f.), a wave 
unde, whence; underlain, whence 

pray? 
undique, on all sides, from every 

quarter 
ungtila, -ae (f.), a hoof 
universus, -a,-um,a7Z (together), 

whole; hominum genus univer- 

sum, human race at large 
unquam, ever, at any time 
iinus, -a, -urn, one 
unusquisque, unaquaeque, tinum- 

quidque, tinumquodque, each 

one 
urbaniis, -a, -um, belonging to 

the city, city- 
urbs, -is (f.), a city 
urgens, -tis, pressing 



urgeo, ursi, (no sup.), urgere, to 
press 

ursus, -I (m.), a bear 

usitatus, -a, -urn, familiar 
usual 

usque, ever 

usque ad (with accus.), until, up to 

usurpo, -avi, -atuni, -are, to 
usurp 

usus, -us (m.), use, usage, prac- 
tice, experience; usum afferre, 
to do service 

ut, as; ut..ita, iit..slc, as.. so; 
ut (with subj.), in order that, 
so that; suppose, granted that; 
ut non, so that not; ut primum, 
as soon as; ut si, as if 

liter, -r a, -rum, which of the two 

Titer, -ris(m.), a leather bag 

uterque, iTtraque, utrumque, both 

Utica, -ae (f.), TJtica 

utilis, -e, useful 

utilitas, -atis (f.), usefulness, 
use, utility, service; cujus utili- 
tatis causa, for what purpose 

utinam, that, I wish that 

utor, usiis sum, titl, to use; em- 
ploy; consilio titl, to follow 
advice; legibus utl, to obey the 
laws; patre, amlco utl, to have 
a father, friend 

utrum, whether; utrum .. an, 
whether,, or 

uva, -ae (f.), the grape 

uxor, -oris (f.), a wife, consort 



vac5, -avi, -atum, -are, to be 

void of, free from; to be vacant 
vacuus, -a, -um, void, free 
valeo, -ul, -ltiim, -ere, to be 

worth, be in good health; be well 



195 



Valerius, -I (in.), Valerius 
valetudO, -inis (f.), health; vale- 

tudo prospera, good health 
validus, -a, -urn, strong 
vallum, -i (n.), a rampart 
vario, -avi, -atum, -are, to vary 
varlus, -a, -um, various 
vas -is (n.), a vessel 
vastus, -a, -um, vast 
-ve, or 

vectigal, -alis (n.), income 
vekemens, -tis, violent 
vehementer, very loudly, furi- 
ously 
veho, vexi, vectum, vehere, to 
carry; equo vein, to ride a 
horse 
Vejentes, -iuni (pi. m.), the 

people of Veji 
Veji, -orfim (pi. m.), Veji 
vel, even, or; vel. .vel, either, .or 
velut, so to speak; veliit si, as if 
venalis, -e, for sale 
venditor, -oris (m.), a seller 
vendo, vendidi, venditum, ven- 

dere, to sell 
veneficlum, -i (n.), poisoning 
venenum, -I (n.j, poison 
veneo, venii, venitum, venire, to 
be sold (venum-eo, I go for sale) 
veneratiO, -onis (f), respect 
veneror, -atus sum, -ari, to 

respect 
venio, veni, ventiim, venire, to 

come 
venire see veneo 
venor, -atus sura, -ari, to hunt 
venturus, -a, -um, coming 
venum dare, to sell 
Veniis, -eris (f.), the goddess 
Venus; Veneris Stella, the pla- 
net Venus 



ver, veris (n.), spring 

verbero, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

flog 
verbum, -I (n.), a word 
verecundiis, -a, -um, modest 
vereor, -ltus sum, -eri, to fear 
Vergilius, -l (m.), Virgil 
vergo, (no perf. & sup.), verger e, 

to decline 
veri similis, -e, probable 
Veritas, -atis (f.), truth 
vero, but, yet, however; truly 
Verres, -is (m.), Verres 
versor, versatus silm, versari, 

to keep company; to have to do 

with 
versus (with accus.), toward,-ward 
versus, -tis (m.), a verse 
verto, verti, ver sum, vertere, 

to turn; to interpret 
verum, but, yet 
verum, -i (n.), truth 
vertis, -a, -"Bin, true, real 
vescor, (no perf.), vesci, to feed, 

live upon 
VespasTanus, -i (m.), Vespasian 
vesper, -i (m.), evening 
vesperi, in the evening 
vester, -ra, -rum, your 
vestigium, -i (n.), a footstep 
vestio, -l\% -itum, -ire, to 

clothe; vestiri, to clothe one's 

self 
vestis, - (f.), a garment 
Vesuvius, -i (m.) Vesuvius 
veto, vetui, vetitum, vetare, to 

forbid . 
vetxis, -eris, ancient; veteres, 

the ancients; vetus victoria, 

the former victory ; Vetera, the 

old, state of things 
vexo, -avi, -atum, -are, to rack 



— 196 — 



via, -ae (f.), a way, road; eadem 

via, in the same way; via et 

ratione, methodically 
vicinus, -I (m.), a neighbor 
victdr, -oris (m.), a conqueror; 

victorious 
victoria, -ae (f.), a victory 
victrix, -Icis (1*.), a conquerors- 
victorious 
victus, -us (m.), food > 
vicus, -I (m.), a village 
video, vidi, visum, videre, to see 
videor, vlstis sum, videri, to 

seem, appear 
vigeo, (no perf. & sup.), -ere, to 

be in force; to thrive 
vigilantia, -ae (f.), vigilance, 

wakefulness 
vigiliae, -arum (pi. f.), wakeful- 

ness 
vigilo, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

wake 
viginti, twenty 
villa, -ae (f.), a country-seat 
vinco, vlci, victum, vincere, to 

conquer, defeat, overcome 
vincula, -orum (pi. n.), fetters 
vlnum, -I (n.), wine 
violo, -avi, -attim, -are, to 

injure 
vir, -I (m.), a man, husband 
virga, -ae (f.), a rod 
virgS, -lnis (f.), a girl 
virtus, -utis (f.), virtue, valor 
vis, - (f.), power, violence, force; 

vires, -ium, strength, energy; 

vi, violently; vi et armis, by 

force of arms; vi expugnare, 

to storm 
vlsito, -avi, -atiim, -are, to 

visit 
visum, -I (n.), a vision 



vita, -ae (f.), life 
vltis, - (f.), a vine 
vitium, -I (n.), a vice, fault, de- 
fect 
vito, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

shun, avoid 
vitreus, -a, -iim, of glass 
vitupero, -avi, -atum, -are, to 

find fault with, to blame 
vivo, vixi, victum, viverg, to 

live 
viviis, -a, -um, living, alive 
vix, hardly 
vixdum, hardly yet 
voco, -avi, -atum, -^are, to call, 

name 
volens, -tls, willing (ly) 
volo, -avi, -attim, -are, to fly 
volo, volui, (no sup.), velle, to be 

willing, wish for, like, want 
voluntas, -atis (f.), the will; vo- 

luntate, voluntarily 
voluptas, -atis (f.), pleasure 
vos, you 
vox, vocis (f.), a voice, language; 

voc6s, speech 
Yulcanus, -I (m.), Vulcan 
vulgus, -I (n.), the rabble 
vulnus, -eris (n.), a wound 
vulpes, -is (f.), a fox 

X. 

Xanthippe, -es (f.), Xanthippe 
Xenocrates, -is (m.), Xenocrates 
Xerxes, -Is (m.), Xerxes, king 
of Persia 

Z. 

ZamS, -ae (f.), Zama 

Zeuxis, - (m.), Zeuxis, a famous 

Grecian painter 
Zopyriis, -I (m.), Zopyrus 



— 197 — 



2. ENGLISH and LATIN VOCABULARY. 



Note. For the principal parts 
and pronouns, see Vocabulary No. 1. 

A. 

the abdomen, abdomen 

to abet, adjuvare 

ability, facultas 

to be able, posse, quire; not to be 
able, nequire 

an abode, domicilium 

to abolish, abolere 

to abound, abundare 

about, circiter, sub, circa, circum, 
de; about to be, futurus; to be 
about to be, fore 

above, super, supra 

abroad, foris; afire abroad, ignis 
alienus 

absent, absens 

to abstain, abstinere, temperare 

abundance, copia; to have abun- 
dance, abundare 

abuse, abusus 

to abuse, abuti 

abusive language, convicia 

to accept, accipere 

acceptable, acceptus 

easy access, facilitas 

an accident, casus 

accidental, fortuitus 

to accompany, comitari 

to accomplish, conficere, efficere 

of one 1 sown accord, sponte, ultro 

according to, secundum 

accordingly, proinde 

on account, causa, ob, propter, 
ergo, prae; on what account, 



of verbs and the inflection of nouns 

quam ob causam; on that ac- 
count, ideo; to be of great 
account, magni esse; to be of 
more account, pluris esse 

accurate, accuratus 

to accuse, accusare, arguere, in- 
cusare, insimulare 

to accustom one's self, assuescere ; 
to be accustomed, solere, as- 
suescere, consuescere 

Achilles, Achilles 

an acorn, glans 

to make the acquaintance, cog- 
noscere 

to acquire, acquirere, adipisci; to 
acquire possession of, potiri 

to acquit, absolvere 

across, trans; transversus 

to act, agere 

an action, factum ; base actions, 
turpia 

an actor, histrio 

adapted, accommodatus [cere 

to add, addere, adjicere, achnis- 

to adjust, accommodare 

admiration, admiratio 

to admire, admirari 

to adorn, ornare 

advantage, fructus 

adverse, adversus 

adversity, res adversae, casus 
adversi 

to advertise, praedicare 

advice, consilium; good advice, 
recta consilia 



198 



to advise, monere, suadere 

the Aedui, Aedui 

Aeneas, Aeneas 

an affair, res, negotium; military 

affairs, res militaris; public 

affairs, res publica 
to affect, afficere 
affection, caritas 
to affirm, affirmare 
to afford, praestare, praebere 
afoot, pedibus 
to be afraid, timere 
Africa, Africa 
after, post, postquam; after that, 

postquam 
afternoon, postmeridianus 
afterwards, deinde, postea 
again, iterum; again and again, 

iterum atque iterum 
against, adversus, adversum, 

contra, in (w. accus.) 
Agamemnon, Agamemnon 
an age, aetas; in one's old age, 

senex 
Agesilaus, Agesilaus 
ago, abhinc 

agreeable, dulcis, jucundus 
it is agreed, constat, convenit 
agriculture, agricultura 
aid, auxilium 
the air, aer 
Albert, Albertus 
Alcibiades, Alcibiades 
Alexander, Alexander 
Alexandria, Alexandria 
to alienate, alienare 
to alight, considere 
alive, vivus 
alkaline, nitrosus 
all, omnis, totus; all together, 

cuncti, universus 
allied, foederatus 



it is allowed, licet 

to allure, illicere 

almost, fere, ferme, paene; al- 
most like, prope ut 

alone, solus 

along, secundum, praeter; along 
with, una cum 

the Alps, Alpes 

already, jam 

also, quoque, etiam 

although, etiamsi, etsi, tametsi, 
quamquam, quamvis 

always, semper 

an ambassador, legatus 

America, America 

among, inter, apud; among the 
foremost, in primis 

amusement, lusus 

the ancestors, majores 

Ancharius, Ancharius 

Anchises, Anchises 

ancient, antiquus, vetus 

anciently, antiquitus 

Ancus Marcius, Ancus Marcius 

and, et, -que, ac, atque ; and not, 
neque, nee, neve 

anger, ira; without anger and, 
partiality, sine ira et studio 

an angler, piscator 

angry, iratus; to be angry, irasci 

an animal, animal; a land ani- 
mal, animal terrestre 

to be annoyed, moleste ferre 

another, alius 

an answer, responsum 

to answer, respondere 

an ant, formica 

Anthony, Antonius 

Antiochus, Antiochus 

antiquity, antiquitas 

Antoninus Pius, Antoninus Pius 

anxious, anxius 



— 199 



any, ullus; anyone, aliquis, quis- 
piam, quisquam, quisque, qui- 
libet; any thing, aliquid, quid- 
piam, quidquam; anything else, 
alia omnia 
Apelles, Apelles 
Apollo, Apollo 
to appear, apparere, videri 
appearance, species, adspectus 
to appease, lenire, placare 
an appellation, appellatio 
an appetizer, condimentum 
to apply, adhibere, applicare 
to appoint, designare, constituere 
to approach, advenire, appropin- 

quare 
to approve, probare 
apt, aptus 
an Arabian, Arabs 
an Arcadian, Areas 
Archimedes, Archimedes 
Ardea, Ardea 
ardent, acerrimus 
ardently, ardenter 
the Areopagus, Areopagus 
Arganthonius, Arganthonius 
Argos, Argi 
Arion, Arion 
Ariovistus, Ariovistus 
to arise, oriri 
Aristaeus, Aristaeus 
Aristides, Aristides 
Aristotle, Aristoteles 
an armed man, armatus 
arms, arma 
an army, exereitus 
around, circum 
to arouse, excitare 
arrangement, compositio 
to arrive, advenire, pervenire 
an art, ars; the art of printing, 
ars typographic^; the art of 



speaking , eloquentia; works of 
art, ornamenta 

artificial, artificiosus 

an artist, artifex 

an as, as 

as, ut; as if, quasi, velut si, tam- 
quam, ut si, proinde ac si or 
quasi; as far as, tenus; as long 
as, dum, donee, quoad, quam 
diu; as great as, quantus; as 
it were, quasi; as much as, 
aeque ac, quantum; as.. so, ut 
. . sic; quemadmodum . . ita ; as 
soon as, ubi, ubi primum, ut 
primum, simulac, simulatque; 
as ivell as, tarn . . quam 

to ascertain, comperire 

Asia, Asia 

to ask, orare, rogare, interrogare, 
quaerere, poscere, postulare, 
flagitare 

an ass, asinus 

assault, impetus 

to assemble, cogere, congregari 

an assembly, concio 

to assist, juvare, adjuvare, sub- 
venire 

assistance, auxilium, praesidium 

to assuage, moll ire, lenire 

to assume, sustinere 

to be astonished, obstupescere 

Astyages, Astyages 

at, apud 

an Athenian, Atheniensis 

Athens, Athenae 

Atilius, Atilius 

to attack, . adoriri, petere 

to attain, consequi 

Attdlus, Attalus 

to attempt, tentare 

to attend upon, prosequi 

an attendant, satelies 



200 



attentive, attentus 

Atticus, Atticus 

Augustus, Augustus 

the authority of all things, summa, 

omnium rerum 
autumn, autumnus 
to avail, juvare 
avarice, avaritia 
to be averse, abkorrere 
to avoid, fugere, vitare 
to be aware of, sentire 
an axis, axis 

B. 

Babylon, Babylon 

bad, malus, pravus; bad fortune, 

adversa fortuna 
badly, male 
baggage, sarcinae 
a bait, esca 
baldness, calvitium 
Balearic, Balearis 
a ball, globus [interdicere 

to banish, depellere, aqua et igni 
a barbarian, barbarus 
a barber, tonsor 
the baric, cortex 
to baric, latrare 
barren, sterilis 

base, turpis; base actions, turpia 
a battle, proelium, acies, pugna 
to be, esse; to be about to be, fore; 

I should be, forem 
to bear, ferre, perferre, tolerare, 

sustinere 
a bear, ursus 

a beast, bestia; a wild beast, fera 
beautiful, pulcher 
beauty, pulchritudo 
because, quod, quia 
to become, fieri, evadere, exsistere 
it becomes, decet 



a bed, lectulum; to go to bed, cu- 
bitum ire; to rise from bed, 
cubitu surgere 

a bee, apis 

before, ante, ob, prae; antequam, 
priusquam; before that, ante- 
quam, priusquam, antea 

to beg, supplicare 

to begin, incipere, coepisse 

a beginning, initium, principium ; 
in the beginning, initio; in the 
beginning of spring, primo 
vere 

to behave, se gerere 

behind, post 

it behooves, oportet 

the Belgians, Belgae 

belief, fides 

to believe, credere, existimare 

the belly, alvus 

below, sub, infra 

to bend, reflectere 

beneath, subter, infra 

beneficence, beneficentia 

beneficial, salutaris 

a benefit, beneficium 

to benefit, prodesse 

to beseech, orare, obsecrare, pe- 
tere; / beseech, quaeso 

beside, juxta 

besides, praeter 

to besiege, obsidere, oppugnare 

best, optimus 

to bestow benefits, beneficia tri- 
buere 

to betake one's self, se recipere 

to betray, tradere 

better, melior; it is belter, prae- 
stat 

between, inter 

to beware of, cavere 

beyond, ultra, trans, extra 



— 201 — 



to bid, liceri 

big ', magnus 

a bird, avis 

by birth, natu 

a birthday, (dies) natalis 

a bit, frena, freni 

to bite, mordere 

Bithynia, Bithynia 

bitter, acerbus, acer 

black, niger 

to blame, vituperare 

to bless, benedicere 

blessed, beatus 

blessings, bona 

blind, caecus 

blood, sanguis 

in blossom, florens 

a wild boar, aper 

to boast, gloriari, praedicare 

a body, corpus 

boldness, contumacia 

abook, liber 

borders, fines 

born, natus; innatus; to be born, 

nasci 
both, ambo, uterque; both.. and, 

et . . et, tam . . quam; both . . and 

especially, cum . . turn 
to set bounds, moderari 
bounty, munificentia 
a bow, arcus 
a boy, puer 
brass, aeneus 
brave, fortis 
bravely, fortiter 
bravery, fortitudo 
bread, panis [digitus 

a finger's breadth, transversus 
to break, frangere, infringe re; to 

break into, ingruere; to break 

out, erumpere; (of war) exar- 

descere 



breakfast, jentaculum 

the breast, pectus 

a breeze, aura 

a bridle, frenum 

bright, clarus, luculentus; to be 
bright, splendere 

to bring, afferre, ducere; to bring 
about, conciliare; to bring 
across, transferre,transducere; 
to bring back, referre; to bring 
to, afferre; to bring together, 
conferre, colligere; to bring 
up, educare; to bring into 
danger, in periculum mittere; 
to bring death upon one's 
self, mortem sibi consciscere; 
to bring destruction upon, in- 
ternum parare; to bring great 
disgrace, magno dedecoriesse; 
to bring to light, patefacere ; to 
bring word, nuntiare, renun- 
tiare 

(Great) Britain, Britannia 

a Briton, Britannus 

broad, latus 

a brother, frater 

Bruno, Bruno 

Brutus, Brutus 

to build, aedificare, struere, ex- 
struere 

a building, aedificium 

a bull, taurus 

a burden, onus 

burdensome, gravis 

a burial, sepultura 

to burn, ardere, incendere, com- 
burere 

a burning, incendium 

to burst from, erumpere 

to bury, obruere 

business, negotium 

to be busy, operari 



— 202 — 



hut, sed, autem, at, vero, verum; 

tantum, non nisi; but if, sin, 

quodsi; but not, neque tarn en; 

but for all that, atqui 
a butcher, lanius 
to buy, emere, redimere, mer- 

cari; dear, male; cheap, bene 
a buyer, emptor 
by, a, ab; per 

Co 

Caesar, Caesar; of Caesar, Caesa- 
rianus 

calamity, calamitas, acerbum 

California, California 

Caligula, Caligula 

to call, appellare, vocare, nomi- 
nare, dicere ; to call in, accire ; 
calling on God to witness, Deo 
teste 

calm, tyanquillus 

a calumniator, maledicus 

a camel, camelus 

Camillas, Camillus 

a camp, castra 

a Campanian, Campanus 

Caninius, Caninius 

Cannae, Cannae 

capable, compos; capable of en- 
during, patiens 

the Capitol, Capitolium 

captive, captus, bello captus 

to capture, expugnare 

care, cura; to take care, curare 

to care for, consulere, cavere, 
curare; to care little for, pa- 
rum desiderare ; to care not a 
lock of wool (a straw) for, 
flocci facere 

careful, diligens 

careless, neglegens 

to carp at, rodere 



to carry, ferre, portare, gestare, 
transportare, vehere; to carry 
away, abducere;fo carry back, 
referre, reportare ; to carry be- 
fore, praeferre; to carry home, 
domum referre; to carry on, 
gerere 

Carthage, Carthago 

a Carthaginian, Carthaginiensis 

to carve upon, incidere 

Cassius, Cassius 

to cast off, repudiare 

to catch, capere 

Catiline, Catilina [major 

Cato, Cato; Cato the elder, Cato 

cattle, pecus 

a cause, causa 

it causes sorrow, paenitet 

cautious, cautus 

cavalry, equites 

a cave, spelunca 

to cease, desinere 

celebrated, celeber, nobilis 

a censor, censor 

Ceres, Ceres 

certain, certus; certainly, certe; 
sane; a certain one, quidam 

a chain, catena 

a chance^ casus; by chance, casu 

change, mutatio 

to change, mutare 

character, mores 

characteristic, proprius 

to charge, accusare, arguere, in- 
simulare 

charity, misericordia 

Charles, Carolus 

to chastise, castigare 

cheap, bene 

to check, prohibere 

a cheek tooth, dens genuinus 

cheerful, hilaris 



— 203 — 



a cheese, caseus 

a chest, cist a 

to chew, conficere 

a chief, princeps 

chiefly, inprimis, maxime 

a child, infans; children, liberi 

ch ildhood, pueritia 

Chilo, Chilo 

to chirrup (of the cricket), can- 
tare 

to choose, eligere 

Christ, Christus 

a Christian, Christianus 

Cicero, Cicero 

Cimon, Cimon 

Cincinnatus, Cincinnatus 

a circle, orbis 

a circumstance, res 

Cisalpine, Cisalpinus 

a citadel, arx 

a citizen, civis 

a city, urbs; civitas; belonging to 
the city, urbanus; city -man- 
ners, mores urbani; city-walls, 
moenia 

civil, civilis 

to clank, crepare 

a class of animals, animaliurn 
genus 

clear, perspicuus, pellucidus, di- 
lucidus; it is clear, apparet 

clemency, dementia 

Cleopatra, Cleopatra 

to climb up, ascendere 

Clit its, Clitus [turn 

cloth, linteum; (of a horse) stra- 

to clothe, vestire; to clothe one's 
self, vestiri 

clouds, nubila 

cloudy, nubilus 

a coast, ora 

cold (subst.), frigus 



cold (adj.), frigidus 

Collatinus, Collatinus 

to collect,- colligere; to collect into 
a flock, congregare 

color, color 
I a comb, pecten 

| to come, venire; come, age; come 
here, accede; to come down, 
descendere; to come from, pro- 
ficisci; to come in, ingredi; to 
come off, exire ; to come to the 
throne, ad imperium accedere 

a comedy, comoedia 

a comet, cometes 

coming, futurus, venturus 

to command, imperare 

to commingle, admiscere 

to commit, committere 

common, communis 

commonly, plerumque 

the commonwealth, res publica 

a companion, comes 

companionship, societas 

to keep company, versari 

to compare, comparare 

in comparison with, prae 

to compel, cogere 

to complete, conficere 

completely, plane 

complexion, color 

to compose a tragedy, tragoediam 
facere 

to comprehend, intellegere 

to conceal, occultare, celare 

to concern, spectare 

concerning, de, super 

it concerns, interest, refert 

to conclude, conficere; ducere 

concord, concordia 

to condemn, damnare, condem- 
nare; to condemn to death, ca- 
pitis damnare 



204 — 



condemning, damnatio 

a condition, conditio; locus 

to conduct, deducere 

to confer on, tribuere, deferre; 
to confer benefits, beneficia 
conferre 

to confess, fateri 

to confide, fidere, confidere 

confidence, fiducia 

to congratulate, gratulari 

to conquer, vincere, snperare 

a conqueror, victor, victrix 

conscience, conscientia 

in consequence of, propter, causa 

consequently, ergo 

to consider, judicare, habere, 
putare, arbitrari 

with consideration, considerate 

to consist of, consistere, con- 
stare 

consistently with , pro 

a consolation, solatium 

a consort, uxor 

a conspiracy, conjuratio 

a conspirator, conjuratus 

constant, perpetuus, constans 

constantly, perpetuo 

physical constitution,TL&txxY2L cor- 
poris 

to construct, exstruere 

a consul, consul 

consulship, consulatus 

to consult, consultare ; to consult 
the interest of some one, con- 
sulere alicui; to consult some 
one, consulere aliquem 

to consume, consumere 

to contain, continere 

a contemporary, aequalis 

content, contented, contentus 

a contest, certamen 

to continue, permanere 



to contract, contrahere 

contrary, contrarius; contrary 
to, contra; on the contrary, 
immo 

to control, continere; to get con- 
trol of affairs, rerum potiri 

convenient, accommodatus 

conveniently, commode 

to converse, colloqui 

to convict, coarguere, convincere 

to convince, persuadere 

to be copied, describendus 

Corinth, Corinthus 

a Corinthian, Corinthius 

corn, frumentum 

Cornelia, Cornelia 

a corner, angulus 

to correct, corrigere 

to corrupt, corrumpere 

to cost, esse, stare, constare 

a council, consilium 

counsel, consilium 

to count, numerare; to count it a 
praise, laudi ducere 

the country, rus; a country, terra; 
one's (own) country, patria; 
from the country, rure; in the 
country, ruri; into the country, 
rus 

a country seat, villa 

courage, fortitudo 

a course, cursus; of course, sane 

a court, judicium 

to cover, obducere, tegere 

covered with, plenus 

to covet, cupere 

coward(ly), ignavus 

cowardice, ignavia 

a crash, fragor 

Crassus, Crassus 

craving, latrans 

craving for more, cupido 






205 — 



to creak, crepare 

to create, creare 

credible, credibilis 

credit, fides 

credulous, credulus 

Crete, Creta 

a cricket, cicada 

a crime, crimen, facinus, scelus 

a crocodile, crocodilus 

Croesus, Croesus 

crooked, flexuosus 

cross, morosus 

to cross, to cross over, transire, 

trajicere 
to crowd, convenire 
crowded, frequens 
a crown, corona 
to crown, coronare 
cruel, crudelis; a cruel battle, 

atrox proelium 
cruelty, crudelitas 
to crush, opprimere 
to cry, plorare; to cry out, cla- 

mare 
a cubit, cubitum 
a cuckoo, cuculus 
to cultivate, exercere, colere 
cultivation, cultura 
a cup, poculum 
to cure, mederi, curare 
to curse, maledicere 
custom, mos 

to cut off, abscindere, amputare 
Cyrus, Cyrus 

D. 

a dagger, pugio 

daily, cotidie, cottidie, quotidie 

to dance, saltare 

danger, periculum 

dangerous, periculosus 

to dare, audere 



Dareus, Dareus 

daring, audax 

a daughter, filia 

David, Davides 

a day, dies; the day before, pridie 
quam; (the day of) to-morrow, 
dies crastinus; every day, coti- 
die, cottidie, quotidie; for the 
day, in diem; the other day, 
nuper; two days, biduum 

daybreak, prima lux 

dead, mortuus 

cZear,carus; those dear to one, sui; 
to sell dear, bene vendere 

death, mors; violent death, nex; 
to condemn to death, capitis 
damnare 

to decay, senescere 

to deceive, fallere 

a decemvir, decemvir 

to decide, statuere 

a decision, sententia 

to declare, declarare, judicare; 
to declare war, bellum indicere 

to decline, vergere 

a decoration, ornamentum 

to decry, obtrectare 

to dedicate, consecrare 

a deed, facinus, factum; evil 
deeds, prave facta; a shame- 
ful deed, flagitium 

to deem worthy, dignari 

deep, altus 

to defeat, vincere 

a defect, vitium 

to defend, defendere 

the defendant, reus 

a defender, defensor 

to this degree, eo, hue; in a high 
degree, admodum 

delay, dilatio 

to delay, retardare 



— 206 — 



to deliberate, consultare, delibe- 

rare 
deliberation, deliberatio 
to delight, delectare, gaudere, 

laetari 
to deliver, tradere, liberare, eri- 

pere; to deliver a speech, ora- 

tionem habere 
Delphi, Delphi; of Delphi, Del- 

phicus 
Delphic, Delphicus 
to demand, poscere, postulare, 

flagitare 
Democritus, Democritus 
to demolish, diruere 
Demosthenes, Demosthenes 
dense, crassus 
to deny, negare 
to depart, exire, discedere, rece- 

dere, profisci, decedere; to de- 
part from life, vita decedere 
departure, discessus 
to deprive, orbare, privare 
deprived of, orbus 
to describe, describere 
to deserve, merere, mereri; not 

to deserve, non satis dignum 

esse 
deservedly, merito 
deserving, meritus 
a design, consilium 
desirable, optabilis, expetendus 
desire, cupiditas, cupido, libido 
to desire, optare, cupere, exop- 

tare, desiderare 
desirous, cupidus 
to despair, desperare 
to despise, contemnere, despi- 

cere 
destiny, fatum 
to destroy, delere; to destroy by 

fire, incendio absumere 



destruction, interitus 

to detain, retinere 

to detect, detegere 

to deter, deterrere 

to determine, constituere 

a devastation, populatio 

to devise, reperire, invenire 

to devote one's self, studere 

devoted to, studiosus; to be devot- 
ed to, deservire 

to devour, devorare 

to dictate, dictare 

a dictator, dictator 

to die, mori, obire 

difficult, difficilis 

to differ, abhorrere 

it makes no difference, nihil in- 
terest 

different, diversus 

to diffuse, diffundere 

to dig, fodere 

dignity, dignitas 

diligence, diligentia 

diligent, diligens 

dim, hebes 

to diminish, minuere 

to dine, cenare 

dinner, cena; after dinner, ce- 
natus 

Dio, Dio 

Diogenes, Diogenes 

Dionysius, Dionysius 

to dip, tingere 

to disagree, dissentire, discrepare, 
clifferre, distare 

disagreeable, injucundus 

to disappear, evanescere 

to disband, dimittere 

to discern, cernere 

to discharge, fungi, defungi, sa- 
tisfacere 

a discipline, disciplina 



— 207 



to discipline , castigare 

discord, discordia, discidium 

to discourse, disserere 

to discover, detegere 

a disease, morbus 

a disgrace, dedecus, ignominia 

d isgracefu I, turpis 

it disgusts, piget 

a dish, ferculuui 

to be disheartened, animos de- 
mittere 

dishonor, infaniia 

to dismiss, dimittere 

to displease, displicere 

(natural) disposition, ingenium, 
indoles 

to dispute, disputare 

disregard, derelictio 

to dissuade, dissuadere 

at a distance, procul 

to be distant, distare 

to distinguish, discernere, di- 
stinguere, separare; to distin- 
guish one's self, excellere 

distinguished, praestabilis, prae- 
stans; to be distinguished, 
florere 

to distrust, diffidere 

to disturb, perturbare 

a ditch, fossa 

to divide, diviclere 

divine, divinus 

to do, facere, agere, gerere; to do 
good, prodesse; to do harm, 
nocere; to do right, recte fa- 
cere; to do service, munus, 
usum afferre; to do without, 
earere; to do no ivork, nihil 
laborare; nothing to do, nihil 
negotii 

a dog, canis 

a dolphin, delphinus 



dominion, regnum 

a donkey, asellus 

a door, ostium; out doors, foras; 

out of doors, foris; to the doors, 

foras 
to double, geminare 
to doubt, dubitare; there is no 

doubt, clubium non est 
doubtful, dubius 
to be down, jacere 
downwards, deorsum 
a dowry, dos 
to drag, trahere; to drag out, 

eruere 
to draw, trahere; to draw after, 

ductare; to draw enmities 

upon one's self, inimicitias sibi 

conciliare 
to dread, reformidare 
a dream, somnium 
to dream, somniare 
drink, potus, potio 
to drink, bibere 
to drive, impellere; to drive 

away, expellere; to drive from, 

pellere, depellere, ejicere 
a driver, bubulcus 
drooping, caducus 
the Druids, Druides 
to dry, siccare 
a duck, anas 
to be due, deberi 
dull, hebes 
dumb, mutus, infans 
dung, stercus 
during, per 
dust) pulvis 
a duty, officium 
to dwell, habitare 
dying, moribundus 



208 — 



E. 

each one, unusquisque, quisque 
eager, cupidus 
eagerness, aviditas 
an eagle, aquila 
the ear, auris 

early, antiquus; early in the 
morning, mane; right early in 
the morning, bene mane 
to earn, consequi 
earnestly, graviter 
the earth, terra 
an earthquake, terrae motus 
an ear-witness, testis auritus 
of ease, otiosus 
easily, facile 
the east, oriens 

easy, facilis; easy access, facilitas 
to eat (up), edere 
an eclipse, defectio, eclipsis 
to educate, educare 
education, educatio; litterae 
effeminate, mollis 
an egg, ovum 
Egypt, Aegyptus 
an Egyptian, Aegyptius 
eight, octo 

the eighteenth, duodevicesimus 
eighty, octoginta 
either.. or, aut. .aut; vel. .vel 
elder, major natu 

to elect, creare, eligere 

elegance, elegantia 

an element, elementum; the ele- 
ments of education, litterarum 
elementa 

an elephant, elephantus, elephas 

eloquence, eloquentia 

eloquent, eloquens, disertus 

eloquently, eloquenter 

elsewhere, alibi 



an embassy, legatio 

to embrace, complecti 

an emperor, imperator 

an empire, imperium 

to employ, uti 

to emulate, aemulari 

an end, finis 

endowed with, praeditus, parti- 

ceps 
endurable, tolerabilis 
to endure, tolerare, pati 
an enemy, adversaria, adversa- 

rius, inimicus, hostis 
energy, vires 
English, Anglicus 
to engrave, incidere 
to enjoy, frui; to enjoy fully, per- 

frui 
enjoyment, jueunditas 
to enlarge, amplificare 
enmity, odium, inimicitia 
Ennius, Ennius 
enough, sat, satis 
to enter, intrare 
entire, omnis 
to entreat, petere 
to enumerate, enumerare 
an envoy, orator 
envy, invidia 
to envy, inviclere 
Epaminondas, Epaminondas 
Ephesus, Ephesus 
an Epicurean, Epicureus 
an Epirote, Epirotes 
an epistle, litterae 
equal, par; to be equal, aequare 
equally, aequaliter, aeque 
to eradicate, exstirpare 
to erect monuments, monumenta 

ponere 
to err, errare 
error, error 



209 — 



an eruption, conflagratio 
to escape, fugere, effugere; it es- 
capes my notice, fallit me, fu- 

git me, praeterit me 
especially, inprimis, maxime, 

praecipue 
to establish, confirmare, insti- 

tuere, constituere 
an estate, praedium 
to esteem, aestimare, to esteem 

lightly, parvipendere; to esteem 

of more value, pluris aestimare 
to estimate, aestimare 
eternal, aeternus, sempiternus 
Euphrates, Euphrates 
Europe, Europa 
even, aequus, par 
even, etiam, et, vel; even if, 

etiamsi; even now, etiamnunc 
evening, vesper; in the evening, 

vesperi 
the evening star, Hesperus 
an event, res 
ever, usque, unquam 
every, omnis, quivis; every body, 

every one, quivis, quilibet, 

quisque; every thing, quidvis, 

quodvis 
everywhere, ubique 
it is evident, constat 
an evil, malum; evil deeds, prave 

facta 
exactly, atqui 
to examine, inspicere 
an example, exemplum 
to exceed, excedere 
to excel in, superare 
excellent, praestabilis, praestans, 

praeclarus, excellens 
except, praeter, nisi, extra 
excessive, nimius 
excessively, immodice 



to exchange, permutare 

to excite, excitare, permovere 

exercise, exercitatio 

to exercise, exercere, experiri 

to exhort, hortari, adhortari; to 
exhort earnestly, graviter ad- 
hortari 

exile, exsilium 

to expect, sperare, exspectare 

to expel, expellere 

expense, sumptus 

experience, usus, experientia 

experienced, pentus 

to expire, exspirare 

to explain, explanare 

to explore, explorare 

to expose, exponere 

to extol, extollere 

extortion, repetundae 

extraordinary, inusitatus 

extreme, extremus, summus 

the eye, oculus; an eye-witness, 
oculatus testis 



Fabia Dolabella, Fabia Dolabella 

Fabius Fictor, Fabius Pictor 

a fable, fabula 

Fabricius, Fabricius 

fabulous, fabulosus 

in fact, profecto 

faculty, facultas 

fair, aequus, par 

faith, fides 

faithful, fidus, fidelis 

to fall, cadere, labi; to fall away, 

dilabi; to fall down, decidere; 

to fall to the ground, corruere; 

to fall into, incidere 
fallen, lapsus 
false, faisus 
a falsehood, mendacium, falsa 



— 210 



falsely, falso 

familiar ', usitatus 

one's family, sui 

famous, clarus, celeber 

by far, longe 

a farm, rus 

a farmer, agricola 

farther, longius 

a farthing, as 

fat, pinguis 

a father, pater; the father of a 

family, paterfamilias 
fault, culpa, vitium, delictum; to 

find fault with, reprehendere, 

vituperare 
favor, gratia; benefactum 
to favor, favere, indulgere 
fear, timor, metus 
to fear, timer e, metuere, vereri 
a feast, convivium 
a feather, pluma 
feeble, imbecillus 
to feed upon, vesci 
to feel, sentire 

to feign, simulare, assimulare 
a fellow-citizen, civis 
a fellow-countryman, popularis 
a fellow-soldier, commilito 
fertility, fertilitas 
fetters, vincula 
few, a few, pauci 
a field, ager, rus 
fierce, trux 
the fifth, quintus 
the fiftieth, quinquagesimus 
a fight, pugna 
to fight, dimicare, pugnare, proe- 

liari; to fight a battle, pugnam 

committere 
figure, forma 
to fill, complere, explere, imple- 

re, replere 



finally, postremo 
to find, reperire; to find (out), 
invenire, investigare; to find 
fault with, reprehendere, vitu- 
perare; to find #tu%,damnare, 
condemnare 

fine, pulcher 

in fine, denique 

a finger, digitus; a finger's 
breadth, transversus digitus 

to finish, finire, absolvere 

finished, peractus 

fire, ignis; incendium 

firm, firmus 

first, primus, prior, princeps; at 
first, primo, primum 

a fish, piscis 

to fish, piscari 

fit, idoneus 

fitted, fitting, aptus; it is fitting, 
convenit 

five, quinque 

to fix in, infigere 

fixed, fixus 

a flash of lightning, Mgur 

flattering, blandus 

to flee, fugere, aufugere, confugere 

a fleet, classis 

flesh, caro 

a flight, fuga; to put to flight, 
fugare 

to flock, confluere 

to flog, verberare 

to flourish, florere 

to flow through, permeare 

a flower, flos 

a fly, musca 

to fly, fugere; volare; toflyaicay, 
off, avolare, devolare 

to follow, sequi, subsequi, sec- 
tari, consequi; to follow ad- 
vice, consilio uti 



— 211 — 



folly, stultitia 

fond, amans 

food, victus, cibus, escae 

a fool, insipiens, stultus 

foolish, stultus 

a foot, pes 

afoot-soldier, pedes 

a footstep, vestigium 

for (prep.), pro, prae, per, ob, in; 

for, (conj.), nam, namque, enim, 

etenim 
to forbid, vetare, interdicere 
forbidden, nefas 
force, vis; forces, copiae; to be in 

force, vigere ; by force of arms, 

vi et armis 
to force, cogere 
the forehead, frons 
a foreigner, peregrinus 
among the foremost, in primis 
to foresee, providere, prospicere 
a forest, silva 
to forget, oblivisci 
forgetful, immemor 
former, hie, ille, prior; the former 

victory, vetus victoria 
formerly, olim, quondam, antea 
to forsake, deserere 
a fort, castellum, castrum 
to fortify, munire 
fortunate, fortunatus 
fortune, for tuna; good fortune, 

felieitas, fortuna secunda 
forty, quadraginta 
the forum, forum 
to found, condere 
to the foundation, funditus 
four, quattuor; four by four, qua- 

terni 
four hundred, quadringenti 
the four hundredth, quadringen- 

tesimus I 



the fourth, quartus 
a Jox, vulpes 

frailty, fragilitas 

a fraud, fraus 

fraudulently, dolo, fraude 

free, liber, expers, vacuus; / 
am free, mini licet; to be free 
from, vacare 

to free, liberare 

freely, libenter, sponte 

to freeze, gelascere 

frequent, creber, frequens 

frequently, saepe, crebro 

a friend, amicus, familiaris, ho- 
spes; my friends, mei 

friendly, amicus 

friendship, amicitia 

to frighten, perterrere; to frighten 
off, deterrere 

a frog, rana 

from, e, ex; a, ab; propter, de 

frugality, frugalitas, parsimonia 

fruit, (frux), fruges; fructus 

to fulfil, perfungi 

full, plenus 

a funeral, funus; a funeral pile, 
rogus 

furiously, vehementer 

future, futurus; the future, tern- 
pus futurum; in future, in po- 
sterum 

G. 

gain, lucrum ; to~gain advantage, 
fructum capere; to gain the 
love, amorem conciliare 

Gaius, Gaius 

Gallic, Gallicus 

a game, ludus 

gaming, lusus 

a garden, hortus 

a garment, vestis 



212 — 



a gate, porta 

to gather, colligere, eligere 

Gaul, Gallia 

a Gaul, Gallus 

a gem, gemma 

a general, imperator 

generally, plerumque 

a generation, saeculum 

a gentleman, ingenuus 

a German, Germanus . 

Germany, Germania 

to get, namcisci; to get control 
of affairs, rerum potiri; to get 
up, surgere; to get up a con- 
spiracy, conjurationem facere 

a gift, dos, donum, munus 

a girl, puella, virgo 

to give, dare, tribuere; to give 
back, reddere; to give notice j, 
significare ; to give permission, 
potestatem dare; to give as a 
present, dono dare; to give up, 
indulgere, profundere; to be 
given to uncommon luxitry, 
inusitatae luxuriae esse 

glad, laetus 

of glass, vitreus [dere 

to glide, labi; to glide away, ce- 

most glorious, pulcherrimus 

glory, gloria, fama 

to glut, satiare 

a gnat, culex 

to go, ire; to go astray, aberrare; 
to go to bed, cubitum ire; to go 
to sleep, obdormiscere; things 
go wrong, male se res habet 

a goal, finis 

God, Deus; a god, deus 

a goddess, dea; the goddess Ve- 
nus, Venus 

Godhead, numen 

gold, aurum 



of gold, golden, aureus 

good, bonus; very good, perbonus; 

a good, bonum; good qualities, 

bona; good fortune, felicitas, 

fortuna secunda 
goodness, benignitas, sanctitas 
a goose, anser 
to govern, administrare, impe- 

rare, regere, gubernare 
government, regnum, imperium, 

administrate 
a governor, praeses 
Gracchus, Gracchus 
a grain, granum; grain, fru- 

menta 
a granary, cella penaria 
a grandson, nepos 
granted that, ut; granted that 

not, ne 
the grape, uva 
grateful, gratus 
great, magnus, grandis; so great, 

tantus; greater, major; great- 
est, summus, maximus; too 

great, nimius 
greatly, multum, magnopere ; 

very greatly, maxime 
Greece, Graecia 
greed, cupido 
greedy, avarus 
Greek, Graecus 
grief, dolor, luctus 
to grieve, maerere, dolere; it 

grieves, piget; to be grieved, 

aegre pati 
on the ground, humi; from the 

ground, bumo 
a grove, lucus 
to grow, crescere 
guard, praesidium; to be on one's 

guard, cavere 
more guardedly, cautius 



— 213 - 



a guardian, tutor 

a guide, dux 

a guilty person, nocens 

H. 

habit, consuetudo 

Hadrian, Hadrianus 

Hadrumetum, Hadrumetum 

hail, grando 

it hails, grandinat 

a hair, pilus, capillus 

the half, dimidius, dimidium 

to halt, consistere 

the hand, manus; the right hand, 
dextra (manus) ; at hand, prae- 
sto; to be at hand, adesse; in 
the hands of, penes; hand to 
hand, comminus; on the one 
hand, and on the other hand 
not, et..neque; on the one 
hand not, and on the other, 
neque . . et 

to hand, porrigere 

Hannibal, Hannibal 

to happen, accidere, evenire, 
fieri 

happiness, felicitas 

happy, felix, beatus 

to harangue, concionari 

hard, durus, gravis; a hard lot, 
fortuna aspera 

hard by, juxta 

hardly, vix; hardly any, nullus 
fere ; hardly yet, vixdum 

a hare, lepus 

to do harm, nocere 

harmless, innoxius 

Harpagus, Harpagus 

harsh, asper 

Hasdrubal, Hasdrubal 

to make haste, festinare 

to hasten, properare 



to hate, odisse 

hateful, -odiosus 

hatred, odium 

haughtiness, arrogantia 

to have, habere; to have to do 

with, esse alicui cum aliquo; 

versari; to have a father, 

friend, patre, amico uti; to 

have rather, malle 
he, is; he who, is qui 
the head, caput 
to heal, sanare, mederi 
health, valetudo; good health, 

valetudo prospera; to be in 

good health, valere 
healthy, saluber 
a heap, acervus 
to hear, audi re, accipere 
a hearer, auscultans 
to hearken, audire 
the heart, cor 
to heat, calefacere 
heaven, caelum 
heavenly, caelestis 
heavy, gravis 
a Hebrew, Hebreus 
a hedge, saepes 
to heed, obedire, oboedire; to 

take heed, cavere 
an heir, heres 

help, auxilium, ops; by the help, 
a Helvetian, Helvetius [ope 

a hen, gallina 
Henry, Henricus 
Hephaestion, Hephaestion 
her, suus 
an herb, herba 

here, ibi; here and there, passim 
hereafter, mox 
a hero, heros 
Herodotus, Herodotus 
hid, abditus 



214 — 



to hide, occultare, abscondere 

high, altus; highest, summus 

Himera } Himera 

himself, ipse 

hinder, intimus 

to hinder, impedire, officere 

a hindrance, impedimentum 

to hire, condueere 

Jiis, suus 

a historian, historicus ' 

history, bistoria 

hither, hue 

a hive, alveus 

to hoard riches, divitias parare 

to hold, habere, tenere, censere; 
to hold out, sustinere 

a hole, caverna 

hollow, concavus 

holy, sacer 

a home, domicilium; home, do- 
mum; at home, domi; at home 
and in the field, domi militiae- 
que; from home, domo 

Homer, Homerus 

honest, probus 

honesty, honestum 

honey, mel 

an honor, honor, gloria 

honorable, honestus, candidus 

honored, honoratus 

a hoof, ungula 

a hook, hamus 

hope, spes 

to hope for, sperare 

a horn, cornu 

a horse, equus; horse, equites 

on horseback, equitans 

Hortensius, Hortensius 

hot, calidus 

an hour, hora 

a house, domus; the house of a 
friend, hospitium 



how, quomodo; quern admodum, 
quam; how few, quotusquis- 
que? how great, quantus; how 
long, quamdiu, quousque? how 
many? quot? how much, quan- 
tum, quanto, quam; how often, 
quotiens ? 

however, at, tamen, vero; how- 
ever much, quamvis, quantum- 
vis 

human, humanus 

humanity, humanitas 

a hundred, centum 

hunger, fames 

to hunger, esurire 

to hunt, venari; to hunt down, 
persequi 

to hurry, rapere 

to hurt, nocere, laedere 

hurtful, noxius 

a husband, maritus, vir 

a husbandman, agricola 

Hystaspes, Hystaspes 



/, ego, egomet 

an idea, notio 

idle, otiosus 

idleness, inertia 

idly, desidiose 

if, si; interrog. part, -ne, num; if 
not, nisi; si non, sin; interrcg. 
part, nonne; if only, modo, si 
modo, dum, dummodo 

ignorant, ignarus, neseius, in- 
scius, imperitus; to be ignorant, 
ignorare, nescire; to keep ig- 
norant, celare 

to ignore, ignorare 

ill, aeger 

to illuminate, collustrare 

illustrious, clarus 



— 215 



an image, imago 
to imitate, imitari 
■imitation, imitatio 
immediately, protinus, statim; 

immediately after, secundum 
immense, ingens 
immortal, immortalis 
immortality, immortalitas 
impassable, invius 
impenetrable, impenetrabilis 
impiety, impietas 
impious, impius 
to implore, implorare 
it is of importance, interest 
to importune, efflagitare 
to impose, imponere 
to improve the memory, memo- 

riam augere 
in, in; in as much as, siquidem 
inapt, ineptus 

incapable of enduring, impatiens 
inclined, propensus 
income, vectigal 
inconsiderately, inconsulto 
inconstant, inconstans 
to increase, augere, crescere; to 

be increasing, augeri 
incredible, incredibilis 
indeed, quidem, sane, profecto, 

demum 
India, India 
the Indians, Indi 
to indicate, indicare 
indignation, indignatio 
indolence, ignavia, pigritia 
industrious, assiduus 
industry, industria 
to infest, infestare 
to be inflamed, exardescere 
infrequency, raritas 
to inhabit, habitare, incolere 
an inhabitant, incola 



to injure, violare 

injury, injuria, malefactum 

injustice, injustitia, iniquitas 

inmost, intimus 

an innkeeper, caupo 

innocence, innocentia 

innocent, innocens 

innumerable, innumerabilis, in- 

numerus 
to inquire, rogare, interrogare, 

quaerere, inquirere, sciscitari; 

to inquire into, spectare, re- 

quirere 
inquisitive, curiosus 
to inscribe, inscribere 
an inscription, titulus 
instead of, pro 
to instruct, erudire ♦ 
an insult, injuria 
interchange, mutatio 
intercourse, consuetudo [est 
it interests, is the interest, inter- 
interior, interior 
to interpolate, intercalare 
to interpret, vertere 
an interpreter, interpres 
to intervene, obstare 
the intestines, intestina 
intimacy, familiaritas 
an intimate friend, familiaris 
into, in 

intolerable, intolerabilis 
to introduce, inducere 
to invent, invenire 
an inventor, inventor 
the Ionians, Iones 
Ireland, Hibernia 
irksome, molestus 
iron, ferrum 
an island, insula 
the Islands of the Blessed, insulae 

fortunatae 



— 216 



Isocrates, Isoerates 
an Italian, Italus 
Italy, Italia 
its, suus 

J. 

to throw the javelin, jaculari 

a jest, jocus 

a Jew, Judaeus 

a jewel, ornamentum 

to be joined, adhaerere 

a joke, jocus; in joke, joco 

Joseph, Josephus 

a journey, iter 

joy, gaudium 

a judge, judex; a better judge, 

peritior 
to judge, probare, judicare 
severe judgment, severitas; to sit 

in judgment, judicem esse; 

according to the judgment, judi- 
Jugurtha, Jugurtha [cio 

Julius, Julius 
Jupiter, Juppiter 
the jury, judices 
just, Justus, aequus; just, ipse; 

just now, jam nunc 
justice, justitia 
justly, jure 

K. 

keen, acer 

to keep, habere, alere; to keep 
company, vers&rv, to keep from, 
abstinere, prohibere; to keep 
the goal in view, respicere 
finem; to keep one's hands 
from, abstinere manus; to keep 
ignorant of, celare; to keep 
laughing down, risum tenere; 
to keep in mind, in memoria 
servare; to keep safe, incolu- 
mem servare; to keep up, tenere 



to kill, necare, interficere, occi- 

dere 
a kind, genus; a kind of, quidam 
a king, rex 
a kingdom, regnum 
kingly, regius 
a kite, miluus 
a knife, culter 
a knight, eques 
to knock one's head against the 

wall, parietem ferire 
to know, scire, cognoscere; / 

know, cognovi; not to know, 

nescire 
knowing (ly), sciens 
knowledge, scientia 

Ii. 

labor, labor 

Lacedaemon, Lacedaemon 

a Lacedaemonian, Lacedaemo- 

nius 
to lack, carere 
a ladder, scala 
laden, onustus 
Laelius, Laelius 
lame, claudus 
the land, terra; ager; solum; by 

land and sea, terra marique 
a land animal, animal terrestre 
the language, lingua, sermo, vox; 

abusive language, convicia 
large, magnus; at large, univer- 

sus 
a lark, alauda 
last, ultimus, postremus, prae- 

teritus, extremus, proximus; 

at last, tandem 
to last, durare 
later than, infra 
Latin, Latinus 
the latter, hie, ille 



217 •— 



io laugh (at), ridere, deridere 

laughing, risus 

a law, lex; jus; civil law, jus ci- 
vile 

it is lawful, licet 

to lay down, ponere ; to lay on, 
imponere ; to lay a snare, insi- 
diari ; to lay under, supponere 

laziness, inertia, pigritia 

to lead, ducere; to lead out, edu- 

a leader, dux [cere 

a leaf, folium 

to leap across, transilire 

to leap down, desilire 

to learn, discere, perdiscere; to 
learn by heart, ediscere; to 
learn truth, vera cognoscere 

learned, doctus 

learning, litterae, doctrina 

least, minimus, minime 

a leather bag, uter 

to leave, discedere, exire; to leave 
(behind), relinquere 

left, sinister 

the leg, crus 

to lend, commodare 

length, longinquitas; at length, 
tandem 

less, minor, minus 

to lessen, minuere, levare 

lest, ne 

to let, sinere; locare, collocare; to 
let loose, immittere; to let sink, 
demittere; to let slip, praeter- 
mittere 

a letter (of the alphabet), littera; 
a letter, epistola, epistula 

Lewis, Ludovicus 

a liar, (homo) mendax 

liberality, liberalitas 

liberty, libertas 

a lictor, lictor 



to lie, tell a lie, mentiri 

to lie, jacere; to lie down, recum- 
bere, procumbere, cubare 

life, vita; idle life, otium; a trial 
for life, judicium capitis 

lifeless, exanimis 

light, levis 

light, lux; to bring to light, 
patefacere 

a lightning that strikes, fulmen; 
a flash of lightning, fulgur 

like, similis, instar; like with 
like, par pari 

io like, amare, velle; to like bet- 
ter, malle 

like.. so, ut..sic 

liked, gratiosus 

a likeness, imago 

a limb, membrum 

a limit, finis; to observe a limit, 
modum tenere 

to limp, claudicare 

a line, linea; a line of life, ge- 
nus vitae; a line of battle, acies 

a lion, leo 

Liscus, Liscus 

literary studies^ studium litt era- 
rum 

little, parvus, modicus; a little 
one, parvulus; little, pauca, 
paucae res, paulum, parum; 
too little, parum 

to live, habitare, vivere; to live 
upon, vesci 

living, vivus; a living being, 
animans 

to load, onerare 

a lock of wool, floccus 

lofty, excelsus 

London, Londinum 

long, longus; diu, diutinus; not 
long ago, nuper 



— 218 — 



to long for, exoptare 

to look, prospicere; to look 
around, circumspicere; to look 
for, petere, exspectare; to look 
£o,spectare ? respicere, tueri; to 
look into, inspicere ; to look into 
the future, futura prospicere; 
to look upon, intueri 

loquacity, loquacitas 

to lose, amittere, perdere 

loss, damnum, interitus; at a loss, 
male 

a lot, sors; a hard lot, aspera 
fortuna 

very loudly, vehementer 

love, amor, caritas; love of let- 
ters, studium litterarum 

to love, amare, diligere 

a lover of truth, veritatis diligens 

low, humilis; lower, inferior; 
lowest, infimus; low stature, 
brevitas 

loyalty, fides 

Lucania, Lucania 

Lucanian, Lucanus 

Lucilius, Lucilius 

luck, fortuna 

Lucretia, Lucretia 

a lump, tuber 

a lung, pulmo 

a lurking place, latebra 

luxury, luxuria, luxuries 

Lycurgus, Lycurgus 

Lydia, Lydia 

a Lydian, Lydus 

lying, mendacium 

lying, mendax 

Lysander, Lysander 



M. 



Macedonia, Macedonia 
a Macedonian, Macedo 



mad, rabiosus 

a madman, insanus 

to maintain, habere 

divine majesty, numen divinum 

to make, facere, efficere, creare, 
reddere; to be made, fieri; to 
make of very little account, 
minimi facere; to make the 
acquaintance, cognoscere; to 
make friends, amicos compa- 
rare; to make haste, festinare; 
to make for Italy, Italiam pe- 
tere ; to make one's self master 
of, potiri; it makes no differ- 
ence, nihil interest 

a maker, architectus 

a man, homo; vir 

to manage, moderari; to manage 
badly, male gerere 

Manlius, Manlius 

manner, modus, mos; after the 
manner, ritu; in what man* 
ner, quomodo ; in this manner, 
sic, hoc modo; in an orderly 
manner, ordine; in such a 
manner, ita 

many, multus, plures; so many, 
tot; very many, plerique, per- 
multi, plurimi 

marble, marmor 

Marcellus, Marcellus 

to march, ingredi 

Marcus, Marcus 

Mardonius, Marclonius 

Marius, Marius 

it is the mark, proprium est 

a market, mercatus, forum 

to marry (of the woman), nu- 
bere 

Marseilles, Massilia 

a marsh, palus 

the Massagetae, Massagetae 



219 — 



a master , dominus, herus; a mas- 
ter (teacher), magister, rector; 
master of, compos; to make 
one's self master of, potiri 

a match for, par 

a matter, negotium; a matter of 
chance, fortuitus 

it matters, refert 

a maxim, praeceptum 

a meadow, pratum 

mean, sordiclus 

means, facultas, opes; by no 
means, minime; through the 
means of, opera; by means of, 
per 

a measure, modus; in a measure, 
quodammodo 

to measure, metiri 

meat, cibus, caro 

Media, Media 

medicine, medicina 

mediocrity, mediocritas 

to meet, convenire 

a meeting, conventus 

Megara, Megara 

a member, membrum 

memory, memoria 

mention, mentio 

to mention, memorare, comme- 
morare 

a merchant, mercator 

mercy, misericordia 

a merit, meritum 

a metal, metallum 

methodically, via et ratione 

middle, medius; in the middle, 
in the midst, medius 

to migrate, migrare 

mildness, mansuetudo 

a mile, miliarium, mille passuum 

military, militaris; military af- 
fairs, res militaris 



milk, lac 

Miltiades, Miltiades 

the mind, mens, animus, inge- 

nium 
to mind, attendere 
mindful, memor 
Minos, Minos 
a mirror, speculum 
a misdemeanor, delictum 
a miser, avarus 
miserable, miser 
misery, miseria 

a misfortune, malum, calamitas 
to be mistaken, falli 
a mistress, domina 
Mithridates, Mithridates 
to mitigate, lenire 
to mock, irridere 
mockery, ludibrium 
moderate, modicus 
moderation, abstinentia; with 

moderation, moderate 
modest, modestus, verecundus 
modesty, modestia 
money, pecunia, argentum, num- 

mus 
a month, mensis 
a monument, monumentum 
the moon, luna 
morals, mores 
more, plus, magis, amplius; 

more or less, aliquid; more 

than, supra 
morning, tempus matutinum; 

morning, mane 
the morning star, Lucifer 
the morning sun, aurora 
mortal, mortalis 
most, plerique, plurimus; most of 

all, potissimum; most(ly), plu- 

rimum, maxime 
a mother, mater, genetrix 



— 220 — 



motion, motus 

a mound, agger 

a mountain, mons 

to mourn, maerere 

a mouse, mus 

the mouth, os 

the mouth (of a river), ostia 

to move, movere, commovere; to 

move backwards y recedere; to 

move out, egredi 
moved, commotus 
much, multus; so much, tantus; 

very much, plurimus, permul- 

tus; too much, nimis, nimium, 

nimius 
to mulct, multare 
a multitude, multitudo 
Mummius, Mummius 
music, musice 
/ must, debeo; it must needs, 

necesse est 
mute, mutus 

my, meus; my things, mea 
Myndus, Myndus 

N. 

naked, nudus 

a name, nomen 

to name, nominare, vocare, ap- 

pellare, dicere 
Naples, Neapolis 
a narrative, narratio 
narrow, angustus 
a nation, natio, gens, populus 
one's native land, patria 
natural, naturalis 
naturally, natura 
nature, natura 
naught, nihili 
naval, navalis 
to navigate, navigare 
navigation, navigatio 



nay, immo 

near, ad circa, prope, propter, 
juxta, apud; nearer, propior; 
nearest, proximus 

nearly, paene 

necessary, necessarius; it is ne- 
cessary, opus est 

necessity, necessitas 

the neck, cervix, collum 

to (be in) need, egere, indigere 

there is need, opus est, oportet 

it is needful, opus est, oportet 

needless, supervacuus 

to neglect, neglegere, negligere 

negligent, neglegens, negligens 

to neigh to, adhinnire 

a neighbor, vicinus 

neighboring, finitimus 

neighing, hinnitus 

neither.. nor, neque. .neque;nec 
..nee 

neither of the two, neuter 

Neptune, Neptunus 

Nero, Nero 

a nerve, nervus 

a nest, nidus 

a net, rete 

never, numquam,nunquam 

nevertheless, tamen 

new, novus 

New York, Eboracum Novum 

next, proximus; next best, proxi- 
mus bonis; next to, secundum 

the night, nox; at night, noctu 

a nightingale, luscinia 

Nile, Nilus 

ninety, nonaginta 

no, nullus; non; no one, nemo 

the nobles, viri nobiles 

nobody, nemo 

a nod, nutus 

none, nullus 



— 221 



nor, nee 

the north-wind, boreas 

the nose, nasus 

not, non, nonne, -ne, haud; not 
any, not one, nullus; not even, 
ne..quidem; not as if, non 
quod, non quo; not as if not, 
non quin; not at all, neutiquam, 
non prorsus; not only . . but 
also, non solum . . sed etiam, 
non modo . . sed etiam, non 
tantum . . sed etiam; not yet, 
nondum 

noted, clarus 

nothing, nihil, nihilum; nothing 
less so, nihil minus; by nothing, 
nihilo; nothing to do, nihil ne- 
gotii 

to give notice, significare 

novelties, nova 

now, nunc, modo; now . . now, 
modo. .modo, nunc, .nunc 

nowhere, nusquam; nowhere in 
the world, nusquam terrarum 

noxious, noxius 

Numa Pompilius, Numa Pompi- 
lius 

Numantia, Numantia 

a number, numerus; a great 
number, multitudo 

Numidia, Numidia 

Numitor, Numitor 

a nurse, nutrix 

O. 

that, utinam 

an oath, jusjurandum, religio 

to obey, obedire, oboedire, pa- 

rere; to obey the laws, legibus 

uti 
obliging, dulcis 
to obscure, obscurare 



to observe, servare; to observe 
justice, justitiam servare; to 
observe a limit, modum ten ere 

an obstacle, impedimentum 

to obtain, parare, parere, conse- 
qui 

an occasion, occasio 

occupied, occupatus 

to occupy, occupare, obtinere 

to occur, accidere 

the ocean, oceanus 

Octavianus, Octavianus 

odor, odor 

of, e, ex, de 

to offend, peccare, offendere 

to offer, offerre, proponere; to 
offer a price for, liceri; to offer 



resistance, resistere 



, totiens; 



often, eaepe; so often 

oftener, saepius; oftenest, eae- 

pissime 
oil, oleum 
old, antiquus, grandis natu ; older, 

major natu; oldest, maximus 

natu; old age, senecta, senec- 

tus; an old man, senex 
an olive, olea 
Olympia, Olympia 
the Olympian games, ludi Olym- 

pici 
to omit, omittere, praetermittere 
on, in, de, super 
once, quondam; at once, statim 
one, unus; one by one, singuli; 

one . . another, alius . . alius; 

one of two, alter 
only, tantum, nonnisi, modo 
open, apertus 
an opinion, opinio; sententiaj 

public opinion, fama 
an opportunity, occasio 
to oppose, obsistere, opponere 



— 222 



opposed, inimicus 

opposite, contra 

to oppress, gravare 

or, aut, vel, -ve, sive, an; or not, 

annon; necne 
an oracle, oraculum 
an orator, orator 
an orchard, pomarium 
to ordain, instituere 
order, ordo; by order, jussu; 

contrary to orders, contra 

imperium; in order that, ut, 

quo ; in order that not, ne 
to order, jubere, mandare 
in an orderly manner, ordine 
the organ of hearing, auditus 
origin, origo 
an ornament, ornatus 
Orpheus, Orpheus 
other, alius; the other, ceteri; the 

other (of two), alter; of others, 

alienus 
otherwise, aliter, secus, alioqui 
I ought, debeo; it ought, oportet 
our, noster 

out of, e, ex, extra [vitutis 

the outrage of slavery, injuria ser- 
over, trans, super, supra 
to overcome, vincere, superare, 

premere 
overflow, abundantia 
to overtake, deprehendere 
to overthrow, evertere 
to owe, debere 
an owl, noctua, ulula 
own, proprius 
an ox, bos 

P. 

apace, passus; at a slow pace, 

lento gradu 
a page, pagina 



pain, dolor; to take pains, labo- 
rare 

to paint, pingere 

a painter, pictor 

a king's palace, regia 

Palatine, Palatinus 

the pallium, pallium 

written papers, litterae 

a parent, parens 

parricide, parncidium 

a part, pars; to take part in, 
interesse 

partaker, particeps 

a Parthian, Parthus 

most particularly, maximopere 

a party, pars 

to pass (away),tYmsire, interire; 
to pass by, praeterire; to pass 
into heaven, pervenire in cae- 
lum ; to pass a law, legem san- 
cire; to pass one's life, vitam 
agere 

a passage, iter 

passion, cupiditas 

past, praeteritus; prep, ultra 

a pasture, pascuum 

paternal, paternus 

patience, patientia 

a patient, bomo aeger 

Pausanias, Pausanias 

to pay one's respects, salutare 

peace, pax 

a pea-cock, pavo 

a pear, pirum 

a peasant, rusticus 

a pen, penna 

a people, natio, populus, gens; 
people, homines; the common 
people, plebes, plebs 

the people of Veji, Vejentes 

to perceive, sentire 

perchance, forte 



223 — 



Perdiccas, Perdiccas 

perfect, perfectus 

perfectly, plane 

a Pergamean, Pergamenus 

perhaps, forsitan, fortasse 

Pericles, Pericles 

to perish, interire, perire 

a perjury, perjurium 

permanent, stabilis 

permission, concessus, potestas 

to permit, sinere, permittere 

pernicious, perniciosus; a most 

pernicious evil, res pernicio- 

sissima 
perpetual, perpetuus 
to persevere, perseverare 
Persia, Persis 
Persian, Persicus 
a Persian, Persa 
a person, homo 
perspiration, sudor 
to persuade, suadere, persuadere 
to pertain, pertinere 
a Phenician, Phoenix 
Philip, Philippus 
a philosopher, philosophus 
physical constitution, natura 

corporis 
a physician, medicus 
a piece, frustum; a piece of 

ground, area; a piece of land, 

fundus 
piety, pietas 
a funeral pile, rogus 
a pilot, gubernator 
a pint, sextarius 
pious, pius 
a pirate, pirata 
a pit, fovea 
pitch, pix 
to pitch a cqmp, castra ponere 

or collocare 



a pitchfork, furca 

pity, misericordia; it excites pity , 
miseret 

to pity, misereri 

a place, locus; out of place, male 
locatus; in place of your pa- 
rents, parentum loco 

to place, ponere, imponere, col- 
locare, statuere 

a plain, campus 

plain, perspicuus 

the planet Saturn, Stella Saturni 

the planet Venus, Stella Veneris 

a plant, herba 

to plant, serere; defigere 

planted, consitus 

Plataea, Plataeae 

a Plataean, Plataeensis 

a platform, suggestum 

Plato, Plato 

a play, ludus; (stage), fabula 

to play, ludere 

pleasant, jucundus 

to please, placere; it pleases, libet 

pleased, laetus 

pleasing, gratus 

pleasure, voluptas; at pleasure, 
ad nutum; with pleasure, li- 
benter 

plenty, copia; adv. affatim 

Pliny, Plinius; in Pliny, apud 
Plinium 

a plow, aratrum 

to plow, arare 

to pluck out, evellere 

plunder, rapinae 

to plunder, spoliare, diripere 

to plunge, demergere, defigere; 
se projicere 

Pluto, Pluto 

a poet, poeta 

poison, venenum 



— 224 — 



poisoning, veneficium 

Pompey, Pompejus 

Pontic, Ponticus 

Pontus, Pontus 

poor, pauper; apoor man, inops 

the populace, plebs, plebes 

popular, popularis 

to possess, possidere 

to acquire possession of, potiri 

not in possession, impos 

to postpone, impedire 

poverty, paupertas 

power, potentia, potestas, vis, 
imperium; the power of speak- 
ing, vis eloquendi 

powerful, potens 

powerless to control, impotens 

practice, usus, exercitatio 

to practice, exercere ; to practice 
virtue, virtutem col ere 

practiced, exercitatus 

praise, laus 

to praise, laudare 

praiseworthy, laudabilis, laude 
dignus 

pray, -nam, tandem 

to pray, orare 

prayers, preces 

to precede, antegredi, praecur- 
rere 

a precept, praeceptum 

a precursor, praenuntius 

to predict, praedicere 

to prefer, praeferre, anteponere, 
malle 

to prepare for, parare 

presence, conspectus; in pre- 
sence of, coram, apud 

present, praesens, praesto; to 
be present, adesse, interesse 

a present, donum 

to present with, donare 



to press, urgere; to press upon, 
imprimere 

pressing, urgens 

to prevent, impedire, repellere 

a price, pretium; at a high price, 
magno (pretio); at a very high 
price, plurimo (pretio); at a 
low price, parvo; at a very low 
price, minimo; at the same 
price, tantidem; to offer a price 
for, liceri 

pride, superbia 

to pride one's self, superbire 

a prince, princeps 

principally, maxime, praecipue 

of printing, typographies 

a prison, career 

privately, secreto 

probable, veri similis 

probity, probitas 

to proceed, accedere, contendere 

a procession, pompa 

to produce, procreare 

to be prominent, eminere 

to promise, promittere, polliceri 

to pronounce, judicare, arbitrari 

proper, Justus 

property, possessio,res familiaris; 
our property, nostra; the pro- 
perty of others, aliena; all one's 
property, omnia sua 

Proserpine, Proserpina 

prosperity, res secundae, tempora 
secunda, res prosperae 

prosperous, prosper 

to protect, tueri 

a protector, patronus, patrona, 
custos 

proud, superbus 

to prove, arguere, demonstrare 

a proverb, proverbium 

to provide, comparare, providere 



— 225 — 



provided, dum, dummodo, si modo ; 
provided only not, modo ne 

providence, providentia 

a province, provincia 

to provoke, lacessere 

prudence, consilium 

prudent, prudens 

Prusias, Prusias 

public, publicus; public opinion, 
fama; public affairs, res publica 

Publius, Publius 

a pumice-stone, pumex 

Punic, Punicus 

to punish, punire, mulctare 

punishment, poena, supplicium 

a pupil, discipulus 

to purchase, emere 

on purpose, consulto, de indus- 
tria; to no purpose, male; for 
what purpose, cujus utilitatis 
causa 

to pursue, insidiari; to pursue 
agriculture, agriculturae stu- 
dere 

a pursuit, studia 

to put, ponere, collocare, impo- 
nere; dare, facere; to put off, 
differre ; to put on, induere ; to 
put under, supponere; to put 
up, devertere; to put to flight, 
fugare 

Pyrrhus, Pyrrhus 

Pythagoras, Pythagoras 

a Pythagorean, Pythagoreus 

Q. 

a quadruped, quadrupes 
a quaestor, quaestor 
a quail, coturnix 
quarrelsome, jurgiosus 
from every quarter, undique 
a queen, regina 



a question, quaestio; the question 

is, quaeritur 
quickly, celeriter, cito 
quietly, suaviter 
quite, plane 
quoth 7, inquam 

R. 

a rabbit, cuniculus 

the rabble, vulgus 

a race, genus; the human race 

at large, hominum genus uni- 

versum 
a race (course), stadium 
to rack, vexare 
rain, pluvia 
to rain, pluere 
the rainbow, arcus caelestis 
rare, rarus; rarely, raro 
to raise, evehere; to raise an 

army, exercitum comparare 
a rampart, vallum 
a rascal, improbus 
rather, potius 
a raven, corvus 
a ray, radius 
to reach, adire, pervenire 
to read, legere 
readily, celeriter, facile 
a reading, lectio 
ready, paratus 
real, verus 
reason, ratio; for the reason, 

ideo ; for this reason, idcirco ; 

for this very reason, propter 

id ipsum 
to rebuild, restituere 
to recall, revocare 
to receive, accipere 
to recite, recitare 
to reckon, putare, numerare 
to recognize, cognoscere 



226 — 



recollection, recordatio 

to recommend, commendare, sua- 

dere 
a recommendation, commendatio 
a recompense, merces 
to record, memorare 
to recover, reereari, convalescere 
recovery, sanitas 
recreation, recreatio 
red, ruber 
to redeem, redimere 
to refer, referre 
to reflect, cogitare; reddere 
reflection, ratio 
to refuse, recusare 
to regard, arbitrari, existiniare; 

to regard as nothing, pro nihilo 

habere ; to have regard, curarn 

habere 
to regulate, moderari 
to rehearse, ediscere, coramenio- 

rare 
to reign, regnare 
to rejoice, gaudere, laetari 
to relate, narrare, referre 
a relation, necessarius 
a relative, propinquus 
to release, liberare 
religion, religio 
relying, fretus 
to remain, manere 
a remedy, remedium 
to remember, meminisse, remi- 

nisci, recordari 
remembrance, memoria 
to remind, commonefacere, com- 

monere, admonere 
Eemus, Eemus 
to render service, utilitatem, mu- 

nus afferre 
renowned, praeclarus 
to repeat, repetere 



to repel, repellere 

to reply, respondere 

there is a report, opinio est 

a reproof, exprobratio 

the republic, res publica 

reputation, fama; reputation 

and credit, fama et fides 
to be in bad repute, male audire 
to request, orare, rogare, requi- 

rere 
at the request, rogatu 
to require, desiderare 
resemblance, similitudo 
to offer resistance, resistere 
respect, veneratio; to pay one's 

respects, salutare 
to respect, revereri, venerari; to 

respect one's parents, colere 

parentes 
the rest, eeteri, reliqui; for the 

rest, ceterum 
to rest, quieseere; to rest on, niti 
to restore, reddere, reparare, re- 

stituere 
to restrain, cohibere, prohibere, 

coercere 
under restraint, abstinens 
to retire, concedere; to retire to 

rest, quieseere 
to retreat, se recipere 
to return, reverti, redire, recur- 

rere, reddere; to return like 

with like, par pari referre; to 

return thanks, gratias agere 
to reveal, indicare 
to revere, revereri 
to reverence, revereri 
a revolution, res novae 
to revolve, se convertere 
a reward, merces, praemium 
Rhea Silvia, Rhea Silvia 
the Rhine, Rhenus 



22 1 — 



a rhinoceros, rhinoceros 

the Rhone, Khodanus 

rich, dives 

riches, divitiae 

to ride, equitare; to ride a horse, 

equo vehi 
a rider, eques 
right, jus, fas 
right, rectus, recte; bene; right 

(not left), dexter; to do right, 

recte facere 
rightfully, jure 
rightly, jure, recte 
a ring, anulus 
ripe, maturus 
to rise, surgere, oriri; to rise 

again, resurgere; to rise from 

bed, cubitu surgere 
a risk, pericuium 
a rival, aemulus 
a river, amnis, fluraen 
a road, via 
a robber, latro 
a rock, saxum 
a rod, virga 
Roman, Romanus 
Rome, Roma 
Romulus, Romulus 
a roof, tectum 
roomy, amplus 
a root, radix, stirps 
Roscius, Roscius 
rough, asper 

round like a ball, globosus 
to rouse, commovere 
to rove about, errare 
ruin, pernicies 
to ruin, perdere 
rule, imperium; praeceptum 
to rule, regnare, regere, impera- 

re, dominari, temperare 
a ruler, rector 



rumor, fama 

to run, currere; to run one's self 

dry, defluere 
a running, cursus 
to rush, irruere 
rust, rubigo 

S. 

Sabine, Sabinus; the Sabine ter- 
ritory, Sabini 

sacred, sanctus 

a sacrifice, sacrificium 

sad, tristis 

safe, tutus, incolumis 

safety, salus 

Saguntum, Saguntum 

to sail, navigare 

a sailor, nauta 

for the sake of, causa, gratia; for 
one's own sake, sua ipsius cau- 
sa, per se 

Salamis, Salamis 

for sale, venalis; to be for sale, 
licere 

salt, sal 

salubrious, saluber 

salutary, saluber 

to salute, salutare 

the same, idem; the very same, 
isthic; the same who, as, idem 
qui 

to sanction, sancire 

sand, harena, arena 

a Sardinian, Sardus 

to satiate, satiare 

satisfied, contentus 

to satisfy, satiare; that cannot be 
satisfied, insatiabilis 

Saturn, Saturnus; the planet Sa- 
turn, Saturni Stella 

sauciness, petulantia 

to save, servare, liberare 



— 228 — 



to say, dicere; to say no, negare; 

I say, ajo, inquam 
the scale (of a fish), squama 
scanty, exiguus 
scarcity, raritas, penuria 
a scholar, discipulus 
a school, schola 
a school-mate, sodalis 
Scipio, Scipio 
a scourge, flagellum 
to scourge, flagellis caedere 
to scrape together, corradere 
a Scythian, Scytha 
the sea, mare; belonging to the 

sea, sea-, maritimus; over the 

sea, maritimus 
to search out, expetere 
a season, tempus anni 
the second, secundus; a second 

Romulus, alter Komulus 
secret, occultus 
secure, tutus 
to secure, parere 
sedition, seditio 
to see, videre, cernere, adspicere, 

conspicere; intellegere, ani- 

madvertere 
to seek, petere, appetere 
to seem, videri 
seldom, raro 
to sell, vendere, venum dare; 

dear, bene; at a loss, male 
a seller, venditor 
Semiramis, Semiramis 
the senate, senatus 
the senate-house, curia 
a senator, senator 
to send, mittere; to send ahead, 

praemittere; to send a letter, 

litteras dare 
a sense, sensus; the sense of 

sight, sensus videndi 



sensibility, sensus 

sensible, prudens 

a sentence, sententia 

a sentiment, sententia 

to separate, separare, secernere, 

sejungere 
serene, serenus 
a serpent, serpens 
Sertorius, Sertorius 
a servant, servus 
to serve, servire 
a service, opera, munus; military 

service, militia 
servitude, servitus 
Servius Tutlius, Servius Tullius 
to set, statuere, constituere; (of 

the sun), occidere; to set out, 

exponere; proficisci; to set 

bounds to, moderari; to set foot 

on, attingere 
to settle, considere 
a settlement, sedes 
seven, septem 
the seven hundredth, septingen- 

tesimus 
the seventh, septimus 
the seventieth, septuagesimus 
seventy, septuaginta 
several, plures, complures 
severe, severus, gravis; severe 

judgment, severitas; a severe 

sickness, morbus gravis 
severely, graviter 
a shadow, umbra 
to shake hands, manum porrigere 
shameful, turpis; a shameful 

deed, flagitium 
it shames, pudet 
a share, portio; without share, 

expers 
to share, impertire 
sharing, particeps , 



229 — 



sharp, acer,asper; more sharply, 

acrius 
to sharpen, acuere 
to shave, tondere 
to shear, tondere 
to shed, profundere 
a sheep, ovis 
to shelter, tegere 
a shepherd, pastor 
to shine, fulgere, splendere 
a ship, navis; by ship, navibus 
a shore, ora 

short, brevis [rem 

/ should, debeo; / should be, fo- 
a show, species 
to show, monstrare, ostendere; 

to show one's self, se praestare, 

se praebere 
to shudder at, horrere 
to shun, vitare 
to shut, claudere; to shut up, 

concludere 
Sicily, Sicilia 
sick, aeger, aegrotus 
sickness, aegritudo, morbus 
a side, pars ; on which side, qua ; on 

all sides, undique ; on the other 

side of, ultra; on this side, cis 
sight, conspectus; the sense of 

sight, sensus videndi 
a sign, signum 
silence, silentium 
in silence, silentio 
to be silent, tacere, silere; a silent 

dog, canis mutus 
silly, ridiculus 

silver, argentum; adj. argenteus 
simple, simplex 
to sin, peccare 
since, cum, quoniam, quandoqui- 

dem, siquidem 
sincere, sincerus 



to sing, canere, cantare 

a sister, soror 

to sit in judgment, judicem esse 

situated, situs 

the situation, situs 

six, sex 

the sixth, sextus 

sixty ^ sexaginta 

size, magnitudo 

skill, sollertia, ars 

skilled, peritus 

skillful, peritus, sciens 

a skin, pellis 

to skin, deglubere 

the sky, caelum 

to slacken, remittere 

to slander, maledicere 

a slave, servus; to be a slave, 

servire 
slavery, servitus [dere 

to slay, trucidare, necare, occi- 
sleep, somnus; in the first sleep, 

concubia nocte 
to sleep, dormire 
slender, tenuis 

to slip, labi, elabi, praetermittere 
sloth, ignavia 
slow, lentus 
small, parvus, exiguus; smaller, 

minor; smallest, minimus; 

smaller than, infra 
smart, callidus 
smell, odor 
smoke, fumus 
a snare, insidiae; to lay a snare, 

insidiari 
to snatch, eripere 
snow, nix 
so, sic, tarn, ita, adeo; so . . as f 

tarn . . quam; so much, adeo; 

tanto; so much, .as, tarn, .quam; 

so that,ut,quo',so thatnot,ut non 



— 230 — 



society, societas 

Socrates, Socrates 

soft, mollis 

the soil, solum, humus 

to be sold, venire 

a soldier, miles 

solitude, solitudo 

Solomon, Salomon 

Solon, Solon 

some, aliquis, aliquot, nonnulli; 

some more, aliquanto; some 

one, aliquis, quidam ; some . . 

others, alii . . alii 
something, aliquid 
sometimes, nonnunquam, inter- 

dum 
somewhat, aliquantum 
a son, filius 
a song, cantus 

50o?i, mox, cito; sooner, prius 
to soothe, blandiri 
Sophocles, Sophocles 
sorrow, maeror; it causes 

sorrow, paenitet 
the soul, anima, animus 
sound, sanus 
a sound, sonitus 
sour, acerbus 
a source, fons 
sovereign, sanctissimus 
to sow, serere 
space, spatium 
Spain, Hispania 
a Spaniard, Hispanus 
to spare, parcere, temperare ali- 

cui 
Sparta, Sparta 
a Spartan, Spartanus 
to speak, loqui, eloqui, dicere; 

so to speak, quasi, velut 
a speech, oratio, dictio, voces 
speed, celeritas 



to spend, exigere; to spend the 

winter, summer, hiemem, 

aestatem agere 
a spider, aranea 
the spirit, animus 
splendid, magnificus 
a sport, lusus 

to spread abroad, divulgare 
spring,, ver 
a spring, fons 
to spring, oriri 
to sprinkle, aspergere 
a spur, calcar 
to stab, transfigere; to stab to 

death, perfodere 
stability, stabilitas 
a stage-player, scenicus 
to stain, imbuere 
to stamp, imprimere 
to stand, stare, consistere; to 

stand around, circumstare 
a star, Stella, sidus 
a starling, sturnus 
a state, res publica, ci vitas; the 

old state of things, Vetera 
to state one's opinion, sententiam 

dicere 
stature, statura; low stature, bre- 
to stay, remanere [vitas 

to stay one's self on, niti 
steady, constans 
to steal, furari 
a steed, equus 
a step, gracilis 
still, tamen, at; before a compar. 

etiam 
to be still, tacere 
a stilus, stilus 
a sting, aculeus 
to sting, pungere 
to stir up war, bellum excitare 
stock, copia 



— 231 — 



the stomach, stomachus 

a stone, lapis 

the stonequarries, lautumiae 

a stork, ciconia 

a storm, tempestas 

to storm, vi expugnare 

a story, historia; the story goes, 

fama est 
stout, robustus 
straight, rectus 
strange, alieims 

a stranger, peregrinu?,alienigena 
a straw, floccus 
strength, firniitas, vires 
to stretch out, porrigere 
stricken in, confectus 
to strike, ferire, icere; to strike 

by lightning, fulmine tangere; 

to strike into, injicere 
to strip, nudare, spoliare 
to strive, contendere 
a stroke, ictus 
strong, validus, firmus 
study, studium ; literary studies, 

litterarum studium 
stuffed, refertus 
to stumble, titubare 
stunned, attonitus 
to style, appellare 
to subdue, subigere; to subdue 

in war, bello domare 
to subject, subjicere 
to subjugate, domare 
successfully, prospere 
a successor, successor 
to succor, succurrere 
such, talis; such as, such that, 

is qui 
to suck, sugere 
sudden, subitus; on a sudden, 

subito; suddenly, repente, 

subito 



to sue for peace, pacem petere 

the Suebi, Suebi 

to suffer, pati, sinere, laborare ; 

to suffer patiently, perpeti ; - to 

suffer punishmenl^oeusiS dare 
sufficiently, sat, satis 
suitable, opportunus, idoneus, 

aptus 
suited, aptus, idoneus 
Sulla, Sulla; of Sulla, Sullanus 
a sum of money, pecunia 
the summer, aestas; summer* 

time, tempus aestivum 
to summon, arcessere; reum fa- 
the sun, sol [cere 

superstition, superstitio 
to support, fulcire 
suppose, ut, cum, licet 
sure, certus; to be sure, certe 
a surname, cognomen 
to surname, cognomine appellare 
to surround, circumdare 
suspected, suspectus 
a swallow, hirundo 
sweet, dulcis 
swiftness, celeritas 
to swim, natare 
a sword, gladius, ferrum 
Syracuse, Syracusae 
Syria, Syria 

T. 

a table, tabula 

Tacitus, Tacitus 

a tail, cauda 

to take, capere, sumere, accipere > 
abducere, ducere; occupare; to 
takeaway, eripere, adimere; to 
take back, recipere; to take up, 
tollere; to take care, curare; to 
take heed, cavere; to take too 
little pains, parum laborare; 



— 232 — 



to take part in, interesse; to 
take possession of, potiri; to 
take prisoner, capere; to take 
the side of, partes sequi; to 
take toils upon one's self, 
labores excipere; to take a 
walk, ambulare; to be taken 
for, haberi 

talent, ingenium 

a talk, sermo 

tall, procerus 

to tame, mulcere 

Tarquin, Tarquinius 

a task, opera, pensum 

taste, sapor 

to taste, gustare 

to teach, docere, edocere 

a teacher, magister, magistra, 
doctor, praeceptor 

a tear, lacrima 

tedious, longus 

tedium, taedium 

to tell, dicere, narrare, referre; 
indicare; to tell a lie, mentiri 

a tempest, tempestas 

a temple, aedes, templuin 

the temples, tempora 

ten, decern; ten times, decies 

tender, tener 

Terence, Terentius 

terrestrial, terrestris 

a territory, fines 

terror, terror 

to testify, testari 

Thales, Thales 

the river Thames, Tamesis 

than, quam 

thankful, gratus 

thanks, gratiae 

that, is, ille, iste; qui; that, ut, 
quo, quod; that not, ne, quin, 
quominus 



a thatched roof, culmus 

the . . the, quanto . . tanto, eo . . quo 

a Theban, Thebanus 

their (own), suus 

Themistocles, Themistocles 

then, turn, deinde, igitur 

thence, inde 

there, ibi 

therefore, ergo, igitur, idcirco, 

itaque 
Thermopylae, Thermopylae 
a thief, fur 
thin, tenuis 
a thing, res; every thing, all 

thingSy omnia; past things, 

praeterita; those things, ea; 

those things which, quae 
to think, putare,cogitare, habere, 

arbitrari; to think nothing of, 

nihili ducere 
the third, tertius 
thirst, sitis 
to thirst (for), sitire 
to be thirsty, sitire 
thirty, triginta 
this (of mine), hie; this here, 

hicine? 
thou, tu 

though, ut, licet, cum 
a thousand, mille; a thousand 

times, millies 
to threaten, minari, imminere 
three, tres; three hundred, tre- 

centi; three years, triennium 
a threshold, limen 
to thrive, provenire, vigere 
a throne, imperium; to come to 

the throne, ad imperium ac- 

cedere 
through, per; through the means, 

opera 



— 233 — 



to throw, conjicere; to throw 
forth, projicere; to throw in, 
interjicere; to throw the jave- 
lin, jaculari; to throw over, 
injicere 

to thrust into, conjicere 

thunder, tonitru 

to thunder, tonare 

a thunderbolt, fulmen 

thy, tuus 

Tiberius, Tiberius 

a tiger, tigris 

time, tempus; at any time, un- 
quam; a long time f jam dudum; 
for a long time, diu; at the 
time when, turn, cum ; a second 
time, iterum; some time, 
aliquamdiu; ten times, decies; 
a thousand times, millies; 
vacant time, otium ; / have no 
time, otium non est 

timid, timidus 

Timoleon, Timoleon 

it tires, taedet 

Titus, Titus 

to, ad, in 

to-day, hodie 

together, una, simul, pariter 

a tomb, sepulcrum 

to-morrow, eras; of to-morrow, 
crastinus 

Tomyris, Tomyris 

the tongue, lingua 

too, quoque; nimis 

a tooth, dens 

the top of the mountain, summus 
mons 

Torquatus, Torquatus 
a tortoise, testudo 
torture, cruciatus 
to torture, cruciare 
touch, tactus 



to touch, tangere, attingere 

towards, adversus, adversum, 
erga, versus, sub 

a tower, turris 

a town, oppidum 

a townsman, oppidanus 

a tragedy, tragoedia 

to train, instituere, assuefacere 

Trajan, Trajanus 

tranquil, tranquillus 

to transact affairs, negotia agere 

Transalpine, Transalpinus 

treachery, insidiae 

treason, proditio 

a treasure, thesaurus 

to treat, afficere 

a tree, arbor 

a trial, causa; a trial for life, 
judicium capitis 

a tribe, gens 

the sovereign tribunal, sanctissi- 
mum consilium 

to trickle, destillare 

a triumph, triumphus 

to triumph, triumphare 

Trojan, Trojanus 

troops, copiae 

trouble, molestia 

troublesome, molestus 

the city of Troy, Troja 

true, verus; truly, vero 

a trumpet, tuba 

the trunk of an elephant, pro- 
boscis 

the trunk of a tree, truncus 

to trust, fidere, confidere, com- 

mittere 
trusting, fretus 
truth, Veritas, verum 
to try, tentare, experiri, conari; 
to try one's luck, fortunam pe- 
riclitari 



— 234 — 



Tullus HostiliuSjTuMus Hostilius 
to turn, vertere; to turn about, 

convertere; to turn back, re- 

verti; to turn out, fieri, eva- 

dere, evenire 
a Tusculan farm, Tusculanum 
twelve, duodecini 
twenty, viginti 
twice, bis; twice as much, altero 

tanto 
two, duo; two (at a time), bini; 

two hundred, ducenti 
a tyrant, tyrannus 
Tyre, Tyrus 

U. 

unable, impotens. 

unaccustomed, insuetus 

the unanimous decision of the 

judges, omnium judicum sen- 

tentia 
unavenged, inultus 
it is unbecoming, dedecet 
uncertain, incertus 
an uncle, avunculus 
uncommon, inusitatus 
under, sub, subter 
to undergo, subire 
to understand, intellegere 
to undertake, suscipere 
unfavorable, adversus 
unfit, inutilis 
unfortunate, adversus 
unfriendly, inimicus 
ungrateful, ingratus 
unhappy, infelix 
a unicorn, monoceros 
to unite, conjungere 
unjust, injustus 
unjustly, immerito, injuria 
it is unknown to me, fugit me, 

fallit me, praeterit me 



unless, nisi 

unlike, dissimilis, dispar 

unmindful, immemor 

unpleasant, ingratus 

unquestionably, facile 

unshaved, intonsus 

until, dum, donee; (usque) ad, 

quoad 
unto, erga 
untouched, intactus 
unwilling (ly), nolens 
to be unwilling, nolle 
unworthy, indignus 
up to, quoad; prep, usque ad 
upon, in 
upper, superior 
upright, probus 

to urge a horse, equum excitare 
usage, usus 

use, usus, utilitas, exercitatio 
to use, uti, solere, exercere, 

consuescere; to use up, ab- 

sumere 
useful, utilis; to be useful, pro- 

desse; it is useful, conducit, 

expedit 
usefulness, utilitas 
useless, inutilis 
usual, usitatus; the usual state 

of health, consuetudo valentis 
to usurp, usurpare 
Utica, Utica 
utility, utilitas 
utmost, summus 
utterly, pessime 

V. 

to be vacant, vacare 
in vain, frustra 
Valerius, Valerius 
valor, virtus 
value, pretium 



— 235 — 



to value, aestimare, censere; to 

value highly, magni aestimare; 

to value very highly, plurimi 

aestimare 
various, varius 
to vary, variare 
vast, vastus 
Veji, Yeji; the people of Veji, 

Vejentes 
to venture, audere 
the goddess Venus, Venus 
Verres, Yerres 
a verse, versus 
very, per-, admodum; ipse; very 

good, perbonus; very well, 

praeclare 
Vespasian, Yespasianus 
a vessel, vas ; navigium 
Vesuvius, Vesuvius 
a vice, vitium 
victorious, victor, victrix 
a victory, victoria 
to view, spectare; to keep in 

view, respicere 
vigilance, vigilantia 
a village, vicus 
a vine, vitis 
vinegar, acetum 
to violate, laedere 
violence, vis 
violent, vehemens; violent death, 

nex 
violently, vi 
Virgil, Vergilius 
virtue, virtus 
virtuous, probus, rectus, hones- 

tus 
a vision, visum 
to visit, visit are 
a voice, vox 
void, inanis, vacuus; to be void 

of, vacare 



voluntarily, voluntate 
a voyage round the world, navi- 
gatio circum terram 



Vulcan, Vulcanus 



W. 

a wagon, plaustrum 

to wait for, exspectare ; to wait 
upon, praesto esse 

a waiting-maid, pedisequa 

to wake, vigilare; to wake up, 
expergisci 

wakefulness, vigilantia, vigiliae 

to walk, ambulare, incedere 

a wall, murus, paries 

to wander, errare; to wander 
over, peragrare 

wandering, errans 

want, inopia 

to want, velle 

to be wanting, deesse, deficere 

war, bellum; in war and in 
peace, belli domique 

-ward, versus 

to ward off, repellere 

ware, merx 

warfare, bellum 

warlike, bellicosus, ferox 

to warn, monere 

a warning, admonitio 

to loash (off), abluere 

water, aqua 

a wave, unda 

a way, via, modus; to be in the 
way, obstare; in every way, 
omni ratione; in many ways, 
multis modis; in the same way, 
eadem via; in this way, ita; 
which way, qua 

we, nos 

weak, debilis 

to weaken, debilitare, minuere 



— 236 — 



wealth, opes 

wealthy, opulentus, locuples 
a weapon, telum; weapons, arma 
to wear away, consumere 
to wear out, conterere 
it wearies, taedet 
to weave, texere 
a weed, herba 
to weep, plorare 
to weigh, pendere 
weight, pondus, moles 
welcome, jucundus 
welfare, salus 

well, bene; very well, praeelare; 
to be vwll, valere; it is well 
known, constat 
well-behaved, probus 
the west, occasus, occidens 
what, quid, quam; what I pray, 
quidnam? what kind of, qualis? 
what (in number or order), 
quotus ? 
whatever, quidquid 
when, si, cum; when, quando? 

when pray, ubinam? 
whence, unde; whence pray, un- 

denam? 
where, ubi, qua? where pray, 

ubinam? 
whereas, cum, licet 
wherever, ubicunque; wherever 
in the world, ubicunque terra- 
rum 
whether, utrum, num, -ne; wheth- 
er. . or, utrum . . an, sive . . sive 
which, qui ; which of the two, uter ? 
whichever, quisquis 
while, dum, donee 
white, candidus 

whither, quo; whither pray, 

quonam? [nam? 

who, qui, quis; who I pray ? quis- 



whoever, quisquis 

ivhole, totus, cunctus, universus 

wholesome, saluber 

wholly, prorsus; totus 

why, cur, quare, quid? why not, 

quidni? 
wicked, improbus, pravus, nefa- 

rius, sceleratus 
a wife, uxor 

a wild beast, fera (bestia) 
a wild boar, aper 
the will, voluntas; against one's 
will, invitus; a will, testamen- 
tum 
wiZZin# (%;,volens,libens,libenter 
to be willing, velle; to be more 

willing, malle 
the wily fox, cauta vulpes 
wine, vinum 
wings, pennae 
winter, hiems 
wisdom, sapientia 
wise, sapiens; to be wise, sapere 
to wish for, velle, optare, cupere; 
not to wish, nolle; i" wish that, 
utinam 
with, cum, apud 
within, intra 
without, sine, extra, absque; to 

be without, carere 
a witness, testis; calling on God 

to witness, Deo teste 
a wolf, lupus 
a woman, mulier 
to wonder at, mirari, admirari 
wonderful, mirabilis, mirificus, 

admirabilis 
to be wont, solere 
wood, lignum; a wood, silva; 
woods, saltus; of wood, ligneus 
a word, verbum; to bring word, 
nuntiare, renuntiare 



— 23t — 



work, opus; works of art, orna- 

menta; to do no work, nihil 

laborare 
to work, laborare 
the world, orbis terrarum,mundus 
worse, deterior 
to be worth, valere, esse; to be 

worth more, pluris esse 
worthy, dignus; to deem worthy, 

dignari 
a wound, vulnus 
wretched, miser 
to write, scribere 
to write upon, inscribere 
a writer, scriptor 
wrong, nefas, injuria; things go 

wrong, male se res habet 

X. 

Xanthippe, Xanthippe 
Xenocrates, Xenocrates 
Xerxes, Xerxes 



Y. 

a year, annus; three years, trien- 
nium 

yes, ita, etiam 

yesterday, heri 

yet, tamen, autem, verum, vero 

to yield up, concedere 

York, Eboracum 

you, tu, vos 

young, adulescens; younger, mi- 
nor natu; youngest, minimus 
natu 

your, tuus, vester 

youth, juventus 

a youth, adulescens 



Zama, Zama 
zeal, studium 
Zeuxis, Zeuxis 
Zopyrus, Zopyrus 



STEIGEWS Fvwicli Series. 



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type cut expressly for the purpose.) 
The same. The 20 Plates mounted on 10 
Boards. $3.75. Mounted on 10 boards and 
varnished. $5.00. 

{AHN'S French Primer and 
French Reading Charts may be 
advantageously used as an introductory 
course to any French Grammar.) 

AHN'S Practical and Easy Method 
of Learning the French Lan- 
guage. By Dr. P. Henn. First Course. 
(Comprising a fundamental Treatise on 
French Pronunciation, French and En- 
glish Exercises, Paradigms, and Vocabu- 
laries.} Boards $0.40. 

Key to same. Boards $0.25. 

AHN'S Practical and Easy Meth- 
od of Learning the French Lan- 
guage. By Dr. P. Henn. Second Course. 
(Comprising a Series of French and En- 
glish Exercises, Conversations, Elements 
of French -Grammar with Index, and full 
Vocabularies. Boards $0.00. 

Key to same. Boards $0.25. 

AHN'S Practical and Easy Meth- 
od of Learning the French Lan- 
guage. By Dr. P. Henn. First and 
Second Course, bound together. Half 
Roan $1.00. 

AHN'S Elements of French Gram- 
mar. By Dr. P. Henn. Being the Second 
Part of AHN-HENN'S Practical 
and Easy Method of Learning the 
French Language. — Second Course— 
printed separately. Boards $0.35 

AHN'S First French Reader. With 



AHN'S First French Reader. "With 
Notes and Vocabulary. By Dr. P. Hen*. 
Boards $0.60; Half Roan $6.80. 

These two editions of one and the same 
book differ solely in the typographical 
arrangement of Text and Notes. In the 
latter the Notes are given separately on 
the pages following the 75 pieces of Text; 
in the former each page has at its bottom 
exactly so much of the Notes as is needed 
to explain the French Text above. In 
respect to Vocabulary, etc., both editions 
are alike. 

Key to AHN'S First French Read* 
er. By Dr. P. Henn. Boards $0.30. 

AHN'S Second French Reader. With 
Foot-notes and Vocabulary. By Dr. P. 
Henn. Boards $0.80: Half Roan $1.00. 

AHN'S Second French Reader, 
With Notts and Vocabulary. By Dr. P. 
Henn. Boards $0.80; Half Roan $1.00. 

Key to AHN'S Second French 
Reader. By Dr. P. Henn. Boards $0.40. 

AHN'S French Dialogues. Dramatic 
Selections with Notes. Number One. 
Specially suitable for young ladies.) 
Boards $0.30: Cloth $0.40. 

AHN'S French Dialogues. Dramatic 
Selections with Notes. Number Two. 
(Specially suitable for young gentlemen.) 
Boards $0.25; Cloth $0.35. 

AHN'S French Dialogues. Dramatic 
Selections with Notes. Number Three. 
(Specially suitable for young ladies.) 
Boards $0.30; Cloth $0.40. 

Additional volumes of this Series of 
French Dialogues, which fully meet 
the requirements of advanced students, 
are in press, and will shortly be published. 

AHN'S Manual of French Conver- 
sation. In press. 

AHN'S French Letter- writer. 
In press. 



Collegiate 



Course. 



Foot-notes and Vocabulary. By Dr. 
Henn. Boards $0.60; Half Roan $0.80. 



C. A. SCHLEGEL. A French Gram- 
mar. For beginners. Half Roan $1.50. 

C. A. SCHLEGEL. A Classical 
P. I French Reader. With Notes and 
I Vocabulary. Half Roan $1.20. 

The several Keys above enumerated will be supplied only upon the direct 
application of a teacher to the publisher, 

E. Steiger, 25 Park Place, New York 



STEIGER'S Latin Series. 

AHN'S Latin Wall Charts. By Dr. P. Henn. 22 plates, in sheets 
$1.50; mounted on 22 boards $6.00. 

AWN'S First Latin Booh.* By Dr. P. Henn. Boards $0.60; 
Cloth $0.70. 

AHN'S Second Latin Booh.* By Dr. P. Henn. Boards $0.80; 
Cloth $0.90. 

AHN'S Latin Vocabulary for Beginners. Methodical and 
Etymological. With a Collection of Latin Proverbs and Quotations, By 
Dr. P. Henn. (To be used with the First and Second Latin Books.) 
Boards $0.60; Cloth $0.70. 

AHN'S Third Latin Booh.* By Dr. P. Henn. 

AHN 9 S Fourth Latin Booh. (Synopsis of Latin Grammar.) By 
Dr. P. Henn. 

AHN'S First Latin Beader. With Notes. By Dr. P. Henn. 

AHN'S Second Latin Beader. With Notes. By Dr. P. Henn. 

These books (part of which are now for sale, while the rest will 
speedily follow) embody all the points of excellence which have 
secured for the German and French Courses of Dr. Henn such 
universal recognition and approval. 

In the preparation of the Latin Course, the author has prof- 
ited by his long experience, and produced books which, still more 
than his other text-books, will prove easy and attractive for the 
learner and a great assistance to the teacher, especially in such 
schools where practical instruction is the first object in view. 

Dr. Henn is profoundly impressed with the necessity of impart- 
ing a clear moral tone to whatever is to be used either for the 
entertainment or the instruction of children and young people. This 
has been followed out in the selection of his examples and exercises; 
and for this additional reason the Ahn-Henn Latin Course, aside 
from its other merits, is certain to meet with special recognition 
and favor. 

The books are issued in superior style, at low prices. 
Favorable terms for introduction. Specimen copies sent to 
teachers upon receipt of half the advertised price. 

[*The Keys to the First Latin Booh, Second Latin Booh 9 

and Third Latin Booh 9 intended as aids in dictation exercises, etc., 
will be supplied to teachers only upon their direct application to 
the publisher.] 



E. Steiger, 25 Park Place, New York* 






Large Stock. Low Prices. 

22. Stoigs? & Co.i 

Importers and Booksellers, Publishers and Printers, 
2 5 Park Place, NEW YORK. 



WCMKAH S#<li 



IN ALL DEPARTMENTS. 



ertnan Periodicals 



3(ini%arteii/ 8ifb and ^latoat. 

Large Stock of German Books at Reduced Prices. 



Second-hand Books in all Languages and Departments 

procured promptly. 



TERRESTRIAL and CELESTIAL 

GLOBES. 

fylit\ $ta(*$, ljrii*i| $»p$. Plain Elates sui $aps, 
ffitllurfcitus, ftntiaria, planetaria, *c. 



Books and Periodicals 

either fupplied at once, or imported within the shortest possible time 
from Germany, Austria, Switzerland, England, France, Spain, Portugal, 
Italy, Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Sweden, Russia, and other countries. 

ftB* Direct Connections. *^ 

Particular attention is invited to the laree number of Steiger's Catalogues and 
Lists of Books and Periodicals in all departments. 






German 9 French, t 

AHN-HENX'S GermanReading Charts. $1.< 

— First German Book Bds. $0.25. — Sitca, 
German Book. Bds. $0.45. — Third Germt 
Book. Bds. $0.45. — *Key. Boards $0.25. 
Fourth German Book. Bds. $0.G0. — *Ke 
Bds. $0.25. — Rudiments of the German Lai 
guage. First Course. Boards $0.65. — *Ke\ 
$0.25. — Second Course. Bds. $1.00.— Com- 
plete Method of the German Language. Half 
Roan $1.75. — Synopsis of German Grammar. 
Bds. $0.60. — First German Reader. With 
Notes. Bds. $0.60. With Foot-notes. Bds.! 
$0 60. — *Key. Bds. $0.30. — Second Ger-\ 
man Reader. With Notes. Bds. -$1.00. With j 
Foot-notes. Bds. $1.00— *Key. Bds. $0.50. 

AHN'S German Dialogues. No. 1. Bds. $0.25. 
A UN- FISCHER'S Method of Learning the 

German Language. First -Course. Bds. 

$0.50. — Second Course. Bds. $0.50. — 

Both Courses bound together. Halt* Boan 

$1.00. — *Key. Bds. $0.30. 
AHN-GRAUERT S German Primer. Bds. 

$0A5. — First German Reader. Bds. $0.50. 

— *Kcy. Bds. $0.30. — Second jGerman 
Reader. Bds. $0.70. — *Key.\ Bds. $0.35. — 
The two Readers bound together. Half 
Boan $1.20. — German Handwriting. Bds. 
$0 40. — Manual of German Conversation. 
Cloth $1.00. 

Aim - WHLSCHLJE GER'S Pronouncing 
Method of the German Language. (Edition of 
1880.) First Course. Bds. $0.80. — Second 
Course. Bds. $0.40. — Both Courses bound 
together. Bds. $1.15 —*Key. Bds. $0.40 

GR AVERTS Manual of the German Language. 
First Part. Bds. $0.40. — Second Part. 
Bds. $0.40. — Both together. Bds. $0.70. 

REFFELT'S First Book for School and House. 
Bds. $0.30. — Second Book for School and 
House. Bds. $0.50. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




003 039 949 3 £ 



5. 

™& ^naru. $1.00. — Pratical 

and Easy Method of Learning the French 
Language. First Course. Bds. $0.40. — 
*Key. Bds. $0.25. — Second Course. Bds. 
$0.60. — *Key. Bds. $0.25. —'Both Courses 
b und together. Half Boan $1.00. — Ele- 
ments of French Grammar. Bds. $0.35. — 
First French Reader. With Notes. B^s. 
$0.60. With Foot-notes. Bds. $0.60. — 
*Key. Bds. $0.30. — Second French Reader. 
With Notes. Bds. $0.80. With Foot-notes. 
Bds. $0.h0. — *Key. Bds. $0.40. 

AHN'S French Dialogues. No. 1. Bds. $0.30.— 
No. 2. Bds. $0.25. — No. 3. Bds. $0.30. 

AHN'S Manual of French Conversation. In 
press. — French Letter-writer. In press. 

SCHLEGEL'S French Grammar. Half Roan 
$1.50. — Classical French Reader. Half 
Roan $1.20. 

AHN-HENN'S Latin Wall Charts. $1.50.— 
First Latin Book. Bds. $0.60. — *Key. Bds. 
$0.40.— Second Latin Book. Bds. $6.80. — 
*Key. Bds. $0.40. — Latin Vocabulary for 
Beginners. Bds. $0.60. — Tinrd Latin Book. 
Bds. $0.80. — *Key? Bds. $0.40. — Fourth 
Latin Book (Synopsis of Latin Grammar). 
Bds. $0.70. — First. Latin Reader. With 
Notes. Bds. $0.50. — Second Latin Reader. 
With Notes. Bds. $0.50. 

( * The several Keys above enumerated 
will be supplied only to teachers, upon 
[their direct application to the publishers.) 



Particular attention is invited to the Ahn-Henn German, French, 
and Latin Text-books, the use of which results 1) in a saving of 

expense for books: the prices are very moderate; — 2) in a saving of 
time and needless trouble to both teacher and pupil: the real 
progress of the latter is rapid, while the teacher's task is rendered very 
light; 3) in a desire to study, because pupils find this simple and 
natural method at once so easy and inviting; — 4) in a marked 
gain in sound, practical knowledge of the languages sufficient for the 
usual requirements of the learner. Another point of excellence is the 
judicious selection of the exercises, and the clear moral tone of the same. 

These books are printed in large* clear type, and issued in 
superior Style* They have stood the actual tsst of the class-room and 
the most searching criticism; have been adopted for exclusive use in 
numberless colleges, academies, private and public schools throughout the 
country, and are universally acknowledged to be the most suitable 
%ooks for the instruction of children in tie languages. 

Favorable terms for introduction and exchange. Specimen copies 
for examination sent to teachers upon receipt of half the advertised price. 

E. Steiger & Co., 25 Park Place, New York. 




